The Last Blog

         Just finished the Western Civ. exam. It was not very difficult at all, I can't remember anything I could have gotten wrong, but the main issue with the exam was that you changed one of the essay questions. On the study guide, the question about Rome was different. "What brought about the decline and fall of the Roman Empire, and are there parallels with life in twenty-first century America?" This was not much of a problem because the one I wrote on the exam ended up being better than my outline, but I could not include some great points that would have been good to include. I was going to mention that America has weak neighbors which is why there are no border threats. I was also going to mention that America had Geographic luck for things such as farmland and forests. I was most likely a honest mistake so don't worry about it. It has been a great year in this class and it was one of my favorite classes. Have a great summer.

No Blog Today

No blog today. There is a German exam tomorrow and a English project due tomorrow. Also need to start studying for the Renaissance test.

This will be the worst part.

The Elizabethan Era and the Reformation

• The Elizabethan Era
• the renaissance spread to England in the mid 1500s, the Elizabethan Era
• Elizabeth reigned from 1558-1603
• Elizabeth spoke in French Italian Latin Greek
• Wrote poetry and Music
• Supported English art and Literature
• William Shakespeare
• the most famouse writer of the Elizabethan age
• born in 1564 in stratford-upon-Avon, 90 miles northwest of London
• Writing plays and poems in London by 1592
• wrote tragedies such as Macbeth, Hamlet, Othello, Romeo and Juliet
• Wrote comedies such as A Midsummer Night's Dream, Taming of the Shrew
• Gutenberg
• Around 1440, Johann Gutenberg, a craftsman from Mainz, Germany, developed a printing press.
• the bible was the first book printed
• Luther and the Reformation
• The church was weakened because
• Socially: the Renaissance emphasis on the secular and the individual challenged the church's authority
• The printing press helped spread these ideas
• Politically: Some rulers (especially the Germans) began to challenge the church’s political power
• economically: northern merchants resented paying church taxes to Rome
• What's wrong with the church?
• Corrupt leadership
• Renaissance-era popes spent extravagantly on personal pleasure
• Pope Alexander VI admitted that he fathered several children
• Many priests and monks were poorly educated
• Some priests broke there vows got married, and had children
• Some priests drank to access, many gambled
• Indulgences
• The selling of indulgences
• “Releases a sinner from performing the penalty a priest imposed for sins”
• Johann Tetzel was a monk who sold indulgences to help rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral
• A monk named Martin Luther objected to this practice 
• Martin Luther
• born in Germany 1483
• Studied in the Trivium (AP classes)-grammar, logic, and rhetoric
• Attends university of Erfurt (called it beerhouse and whorehouse)
• After getting his degree he enrolls in law school(Fathers wish)
• people die from the plague (they must have been sinful according to the church)
• Martin is on his way home and he almost gets struck by lightning
• He cries to St. Anne, and vows he will become a Monk
• Two weeks later, he drops out of school
• 1504- Joins Augustinian monastery (closed cloister)
• 1507- ordained a priest
• 1508- teaches theology at University of Wittenburg
• 1508- gets Bachelors degree; 1509- gets second degree
• 1512- becomes a doctor of theology
• Martin gets mad at the church
• Thought Tetzel was Deceiving
• He came up with 95 objectives, nailed them to the door of Wittenburg on Halloween
• the official title: "Disputation of Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences"
• Known as the 95 thesis
• The “95 Theses” document was copied and taken to a printer
• Within two weeks, it was all over Germany; within two months, all over Europe
• Example - Thesis 86: “Why does the pope, whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest Crassus, build the basilica of St. Peter with the money of poor believers rather than with his own money?”
• He also objected to Tetzler saying:
•  “As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory into heaven springs.”

Section 2 Textbook

• The Northern Renaissance
• By the late 1400s, renaissance spread to northern Europe especially England, France, Germany, and Flanders (France = Netherlands)
• The North
• The population of northern Europe began to grow again after years of war and plague
• After the 100 year war ended in 1453, cities grew rapidly
• MErchants became wealthy enough to sponsor artists
• England and France were united under a stronger monarch
• Francis I invited Leonardo da Vinci to retire in France
• Fontainbleah (Incorrect spelling) became a renaissance art showcase
• Artists were especially interested in realism
• in 1494, a french king claimed the throne of Naples and Artists fled to Northern europe
• German painters
• Albrocht Durer
• traveled to italy to study in 1496
• paintings portrayed religious subjects
• realistic landscapes
• Produced woodcuts and engravings.
• Hans Holben
• Specialized in painting portraits that are photographic in detail
• emigrated to England where he painted King Henry VII
• Flemish Painters
• Flanders became the artistic center for northern Europe
• Jan van Eyck
• First great Flemish painter
• used oil based paints
• painter still use his techniques
• layered paint to add a variety of subtle colored
• unusually realistic facial expressions
• Influenced later artists
• Peter Breugel the Elder
• When Flemish paintings reached its peak in 1550
• captured scenes of everyday peasant life
• realistic emotions
• Northern writers try to reform society
• Christian Humanism
• main goal was to reform society
• education was important
• educated women and founded the first boy and girl schools
• Desiderius Erasmus of Holland
• Wrote the Praise of Folly
• poked fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests
• Believed in Christianity of the Heart, not rules
• in order to improve society, people should study the bible
• Thomas More of England
• Wrote the book "Utopia"
• Utopia means "no place"
• a imaginary land where greed, corruption, and war are gone
• no use for money
• More wrote in Latin
• His works were translated in French, English, German, Spanish, and Italian
• Women's Reforms
• Majority of Europeans could not read or write
• Christine de Pizan
• The first women to earn a living as a writer
• wrote in French
• She wrote short stories, biographies, military techniques, and novels.
• Wrote the book "The city of Ladies"

Sect. 1 Textbook continued

*I am aware that most of the Italian names and words are most likely spelled wrong.

• Cosimo de Medici died in 1464 and his family continued to control Florence
• Lerenzo de Medici came to power in 1469
• Lorenzo the Magnificent
• Ways in which people were inspired by Rome and Greece
• The ruins of Rome surrounded their civilization
• Studied ancient Latin Manuscripts
• Christians fled to Rome with Greek Manuscripts
• Humanists studied classical texts to understand Greek Values
• Humanists popularized History, literature, and philosophy
• Church leaders, merchants, and wealthy families were patrons
• Baldassore Castiglone wrote the Courtier that taught how to become a renaissance man
• The Courtier taught that a young man should be
• charming
• witty
• well educated in the classics
• dance
• sing
• play music
• write poetry
• rider
• wrestler
• swordsman
• upper class women according to The Courtier
• know the classics
• charming
• inspired art
• Donnatello carved natural postures and expression aut of marble
• Leonardo da Vinci
• painter
• sculptor
• scientist
• incorporated his findings in art
• painted the Mona Lisa
• painted The Last Supper
• wrote mirrored
• 17 of his painting remained
• Rapheal Sanzio
• Famous for his use of Perspective
• filled the walls of pope Julius II's with paintings
• painted The School of Athens
• Painted artist such as Michelangelo, Leonardo, and himself
• Sodinisha Anguissola was the first woman artist and painted her sisters and king Phillip II of Spain
• Francisco Petrarch was the most influential Humanist
• He wrote 14 poems about Laura in Latin and Italian
• Giovanni Boccaccio wrote the Decmeradon
•  Realistic, off colored stories
• told by a group of young people as the plague swept through Florence
• Both tragic and Comic means of life

More Renaissance

• Isabella d'Este continued
• a fashionista, designed her own perfume
• patron of da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, Bellini, Correggio, and many others
• "Nativity," by Antonio da Corregio
• 1529-1530
• 101 by 74 in
• Uses Jesus as light source, he is the center of attention on the painting
• Humanism
• A deep interest in what people have already achieved, as well as what they are capable of achieving in the future
• Humanism resembles the Greek idea of arete
• secular values were concerned with here and now
• Classical Greek and Roman writings were important
• Christian values were still important but separate from secular values
• Renaissance Man & Woman
• Someone who could muster many fields of work
• Perfect Renaissance Man: Leonardo da Vinci
• Perfect Renaissance Woman- Isabella d'Este
• Art
• Sculptors
• made realistic figures called pieta
• The Pieta was carved in marble by Michelangelo from 1498-1499
• currently in St. Peters Basilica in Vatican City
• depicts Mary holding the dead body of Jesus
• Painters
• used perspective by adding shadow and depth to paintings
• Sometimes used Frescoes
• A technique of mural painting where pant is painted on freshly lane plaster
• The pigment merges with the plaster so the painting becomes part of the wall.
• Literature
• wrote in Vernacular- their native language
• Previously, most scholarly writing was Latin or Greece
• now, literature was to the masses
• Wrote to express thoughts and feelings
• examples
• Shakespeare wrote in English
• Dante Alighieri wrote about Hell in Italian. Wrote "The Divine Comedy"
• the theme of Machiavelli’s The Prince was that the aims of princes—such as glory and survival—can justify the use of immoral means to achieve those ends

Renaissance Continued

• After the plague people wanted to celebrate human life and spirit
• people started to question the church
• Italy's Advantages
• There was and explosion in art from 1300-1600, the renaissance
• They wanted to bring back the life and culture of classical Greek and Rome
• Innovative strides in art and literature
• Italy's 3 Advantages
• Thriving cities
• wealthy merchant class
• classical heritage from Greece and Rome
• City states were spurred by the crusades and oversea travel
• Northern Italy was Urban, the rest of Europe was Rural.
• People exchange Ideas in cities
• The bubonic plague struck in 1300, killing 60% of the population
• Merchants dominated politics, but could not inherit social Rank
• Since 1200, Florence has a Republican Government
• Florence came under the rule of wealthy Bankers called Medici
• Casino de Medici won control of the government in 1434
• He was dictator of Florence for 30 years

PowerPoint

• Northern Italy is the Birthplace of the Renaissance
• Renaissance= Rebirth
• cities were the center of the action
• Milan and Florence had wealthy merchants and Bankers
• Artists in these cities were inspired by the classical art of Greece and Rome
• Milan and Florence are important
• Merchants and Medici
• Merchants dominated political life
• the Medici were powerful banking families
• they paid artists, writers, and musicians
• they were patrons
• Isabella d'Este
• Educated, brilliant
• A gifted singer, lute player, innovative dancer
• Wealthy powerful parents
• she was a Patron, sponsoring painters, sculptors, musicians, writers, architects.

Starting Renaissance Chapter

Renaissance- a period between 1300-1600 when there was a revival of arts and learning.
Humanism- an intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements.
Secular- Worldly rather than spiritually concerned with the world here and now.
Patron- people that financially supported artists.
Perspective- a method that adds three dimensions to paintings.

After years of war and plague, the survivors wanted to celebrate life
They hoped to bring back the art and culture of classical Greece and Rome.

Test

          The test was pretty easy in my opinion. I was most likely the easiest test this year so far, there were no essays and there were no really obscure facts that no one would even think of studying. In fact, there were entire chunks left out, such as the two civil wars. The only one I am worried about is the one that was asking "Who said that bread and circuses keep the people happy?" I had no clue, but I still think I got it by eliminating Virgil because he was definitely the answer to another question, and I was left with the name I never heard before. It began with an "A." Since exams are close, I do not know if you will give us another chapter to learn. It could be on Constantine and he fall of Rome. I hope it is not because the three lessons we were not tested on were very confusing. They kept jumping back on the Roman timeline, going back to Nero and other events that were passed in the previous lessons. Another question is if you will be doing essays for this exam. Please don't. What could you possibly do them on? Maybe a research project on Rome or Greece. It will just be another stressful thing that is coming in the next weeks.

Test Tomorrow

I just finished studying for the test tomorrow and I am very confident. I am still going to read over the textbook pages but other than that I am done. The next few weeks are going to be a struggle. First thing is there is a writing assignment due this Friday that I have not been able to start, and it is on a topic with not much to work with. After that is done, I need to start working on the SIRS research project (I am doing mine on why we should switch to nuclear energy.) This is actually  going to be a fun research project, until I found out the due date is the day of the German exam, because they were moved to the 30th and 31st. A terrible thought just came into my mind, which will probably be true. You will most likely give us 2 essays for this exam like last time. If this is the case, I have no clue what I will do. 1 paper usually takes me 5 days to complete, and along with studying, this will be a pain. This is not school related, but I found out you can buy Giant Hyperion trees on Amazon, and they can grow here because they are on the same line of latitude. I hope it will grow. They are very slow growing, growing less than a foot per year, but they are beautiful trees and have great red wood. Also trees grown from seeds feel like a great accomplishment, for some reason.

Continuing the PowerPoint

• Roman Army
• 5000 soldiers not in it for pay
• mostly citizens
• elite heavy infantry
• grouped in 80 men called a century, similar to a Greek legion
• cavalry
• shield, dagger, sword, armor, and tunic
• The Punic Wars (264-146)
• Rome vs. Carthage
• three wars
• First Punic War
• naval battles for control of the strategically located island of Sicily
• Rome won
• Second Punic War
• a 29 year old Carthaginian leader
• attacks Rome from the NORTH after crossing Iberia (Spain) and the Alps
• lays siege to the Peninsula for 15 year, but failed to take Rome
• Third Punic War
• Scipio, Tiberius, and others mercilessly attacked the city
• burned for 17 days
• the living 50,000 people were sold into slavery
• the rest of his provinces were annexed and became Roman territory.
• Economic Turmoil
• there were over 1 million slaves in Italy
• Aristocrats stole land from the plebs
• the big farms became massive estates called latifundia 
• the government supplied bread and entertainment to keep the plebs from revolting
• Teberius Graccus took advantage of the plebs by paying them, but the plebs lost loyalty in Rome
• Julius Caesar (100-44)
• he made friends with Pompey, a military leader, and Graccus, the richest man in Rome
• These three men made the first Triumvirate
• Rubicon- the point of no return where Caesar took control
• Serves as Consul, then dictator for life after he defeated his Rival Pompey
• Caesar's Reforms
• Granted citizenship to people in provinces
• Added his friends to the senate
• Created jobs to the poor
• increased pay for the soldiers
• started colonies where people without land could stay

Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization Part 1

Terms and Names

• Greco-Roman Culture- the mixing of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman culture
• Pompeii- a city that was destroyed in 79 A.D. by Mt. Vesuvius
• Virgil- a poet who wrote some of the most famous works of Latin literature
• Tacitus- a Roman historian that wrote history with correct facts.
• Aqueducts- designed to bring waters into cities

Rome

• Rome conquered Greek in the second century B.C
• made Greco- Roman culture or classical civilization
• Roman fine arts
• Learned sculpture from Greeks, made realistic portraits in stone
• most sculptures were intended for public education
• During Augustus, bas- Relief was developed
• Bas- relief was a type of sculpture where images were carved out of a flaat stone
• Rome Artists were also good at mosaics
• pictures made by placing small stones or glass onto a surface
• Romans excelled in painting
• Pompeii had great examples of Roman art.

The Decline of the U.S.

     Although the U.S. seems like it is declining, mainly because of the debt and government corruption, it is still hundreds of years away from collapsing. This becomes apparent when looking at Rome and finding out where the U.S in in Romes Timeline. Looking at the contributing Factors to the fall of the Roman Western Empire, very little of the United State's problems line up with Rome's problems. The future is actually bright for the U.S., with less wars being fought around the world and the biggest threat, North Korea, is denuclearizing. This eliminates any foreseen Military issues in the U.S. There are some social problems in the U.S. that were similar to Rome's. Rome's people started to have low confidence in the empire and gained a lack of patriotism. This is apparent in the U.S. today, with the media only showing the bad things the government did or is going to do. Even U.S. politician's campaign for "fixing the country." However, this is a smaller social problem, and unlike Rome, the government would most likely not be overthrown. When it comes to economic problems, this is where people usually panic and believe the U.S. is declining and will fall soon; but in reality, it is not that bad and has been much worse and we have recovered relatively quickly. The great depression seemed to some people to be the end of the country, but it only lasted ten years and it recovered. Another argument is that the debt is unrecoverable and will bring the end of the country. with a current debt of 22 trillion dollars, that seems to be the case. However, a lot of economists believe that the debt is not as bad as it seems and it is controllable. As we learned from history, as long as money is not printed to fix this issue the economy will be fine. In conclusion, the U.S. is not in a decline, and looking at the problems Rome had proves it.

Finishing the Rise in Christianity Section

• Constantine fought three rivals in leadership of Rome
• He marched to the Tiber river to meet his chief rival
• Constantine prayed and won, credited the success to the christian God
• in 313 A.D, Constantine announced the end of Christian persecution
• in 380, Theodosius made it the Empire's official Religion.
• Priests led a small group of Christians
• Bishops supervised several local churches, Peter was the first bishop
• Pope- the father of the christian church. whoever was bishop of Rome is the leader of the whole church.
• disagreements about the christian ideas of belief arose
• The beliefs were compiled into the New Testament, especially the Gospels
• in 325, Constantine called all church leaders to Nicaea in Anatolia,where they wrote the Nicene Creed.
• Several early christian writers and Scholars
• Augustine taught that people needed the grace of God to be saved
• Wrote The City of God after Rome was plundered in the fifth century.

The Fall of the Roman Empire

Terms and Names

• inflation- a drop in the value of money, resulting in the rise of prices
• mercenary- foreign soldiers that fought for money
• Diocletian- a strong willed ruler who became the emperor of Rome in 284 A.D.
• Constantinople- The new capital of the Roman Empire
• Attila- the chieftain of the Huns

Notes

• 161-180 ended Pax Romana
• Rome weakens because...
• Pirates disrupted trade
• lacked sources of gold and silver
• Government raised taxes
• Minted coins that contained less and less silver
• inflation
• Harvest in Italy and western Europe became weak
• food shortages
• disease
• low morale
• no loyalty
• Diocletian
• a strong willed army leader
• became emperor
• limited personal freedoms
• doubled the size of the Roman army
• claimed to be descended from the gods
• divided the empire
• The Divided Empire
• Split into the Greek speaking East (Greece, Antolia, Spain, Egypt)
• Latin Speaking west (Italy, Gaul, Britain, Spain)
• Diocletian took the East
• co-ruler for the West
• Diocletian still had overall control
• East was far wealthier than the west
• civil war soon broke out
• 4 rivals were competing for power
• Constantine
• Gained control of the west in 312
• later took control of the east
• Moved the capital of Rome to Byzantium, Now Turkey
• Byzantium
• Center of power shifted to the East
• capital stood protected by walls
• took the name Constantinople
• The West Crumples
• Germanic invasions
• in 370 A.D, Mongol Nomads from Asia, the Huns, moved into the region and destroyed all in their path
• Germanic people pushed into Rome, barbarians
• Moved through Gaul, then Spain, and North Africa
• IN 410 a.d, Germanics overran Rome
• Attila the Hun
• The Huns became a direct threat
• United order under a chieftain named Attila
• With 100,000 soldiers, Attila terrorized both halves of the Empire
• Plundered 70 cities
• Failed to conquer Constantinople due to it's high walls
• After Attila's death in 453, the Germanic invasions continued
• An Empire no More
• The last roman Emperor was a 14 year old bot named Romulus Augustus
• He was ousted by the Germanic people in 476
• the West of Rome was gone
• The east became the Byzantine Empire
• Preserved Greek and Roman Culture for thousand of years
• empire reigned until 1453

Questions

1. (answered in vocab section)

3. The Hun and German invasions, the movement of the capital, inflation, poor harvests

4. He doubled the size of  the army and split the empire

5. They were being destroyed by the Huns so they started invading Rome.

Terms and Names

• Apostle - Jesus' twelve peoples
• Paul - an enemy of Christianity and later spread Christianity after he witnessed a vision of Jesus
• Diaspora - the dispersal of Jews
• Constantine - an emperor with support of Christianity who ended their persecution
• Bishop - as priest that supervised local churches
• Peter - the first bishop or rock of the church. He was later known as the first pope
• Pope - father of the Catholic church

Notes

• Rome took control of the Jewish kingdom in 86 AD and it became a province of the empire
• Jesus of Nazareth 
• born around 4-6 AD
• born in Bethlehem in Judea
• raised in Nazareth
• baptized by John the Baptist
• carpenter
• Public ministry
• Jesus began his public ministry at age 30
• his teachings were based around Judaism
• 10 commandments
• monotheism
• emphasized God's imminence
• ignored wealth and status
• Jesus' death
• worried Romans and Jewish leaders
• in 29 AD, people greeted him as King
• priests denied he was the Messiah
• Pilate arrested him and sentenced him to be crucified
• Christos - Greek word meaning "messiah" or "savior"
• Jesus' followers started creating a new religion called Christianity, derived from the word "Christ"
• Paul 
• hated Christianity
• saw a vision of Christ on his way to Damascus
• began spreading Christianity
• wrote influential letters called Epistles
• emphasized that Jesus died for our sins
• Christianity welcomes all converts
• Jewish rebellion
• in 66 AD, Jews revolted against Romans
• they failed and 500,000 of them died
• Romans stormed Jerusalem and destroyed the temple in 70 AD
• the Jews rebelled again and won 132 AD
• and another 500,000 were killed
• Christian persecution
• persecuted because they were not worshiping Roman gods
• seen as a threat to the government
• Christianity becomes a world religion
• millions converted to Christianity in the third century
• Christianity grew because
• it embraced all people
• gave hope to the powerless
• appealed to those who were repelled by the extravagance of imperial Rome
• offered a personal relationship with a loving God
• promised eternal life after death 

Rap and Textbook

     The textbook has a lot more information, of course, but the rap is really helpful in directing us what to study in the textbook. The rap is also more of a timeline, it discusses what happens, such as the republic falling, and the rise of Caesar. It will be very helpful when I am studying the order of events because songs are much easier to remember then random facts. The rap starts of as introducing the settlers of Rome. " Well, you got the Etruscans and the Greeks but the Latins came first To the shores of the River Tiber" The Latins were first to settle by the Tiber River and they gained influence by the nearby Greeks and Eutruscans. For example, The Eutruscans gave them architecture, most notably the arch, and Greek gave them their gods and religion. The rap then talks about Tarquin the Proud and the start of the Republic. "Now Tarquin’s kinda proud, But he got a little loud, They turned around and ran that tyrant outta town, Next thing you know, No kings no more," The textbook does not say much of Tarquin the Proud, other than he was the last king and is the reason behind the republic because Romans were scared of having another king. The rap then described the republic having "three governments in one." The roman republic is very similar to the U.S. republic, having a similar legislative, executive, and judicial branches with a legal code. The rap goes on like this, touching on very notable topics. It will be very helpful during studying.

Finishing up Yesterday's Work

     We don't have class today. I was not able to finish much work yesterday in class because their was no sub, and we got an off mod. I was still able to finish some work during the off mod, but I was no where near complete. Do not count this as tomorrow's blog, it is yesterday's. Please don't count this as late. 

Notes

• The Republic Collapses
• Gap between rich and poor grows wider
• Slaves were forced to work on wealthy people's estates.
• Slaves became 1 third of the population by 100B.C
• Farmers could not compete with the rich estates, making them homeless and jobless
• The urban poor made up 1/4 of the population
• Tiberius and Gaius Craccus
• Tried to help the poor
• tried to limit the size of estates
• giving land to the poor
• Both died violently and a civil war followed
• Military Upheaval
• Generals began seizing power for themselves
• Soldiers that fault for pay replaced citizen soldiers
• Julius Caesar Takes Control
• Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey formed the first triumvirate in 60 B.C.
• As consul, he appointed himself as governor of Gaul
• Pompey became fearful of Caesar, and demanded his legions leave
• On January 10th, 49 B.C., he took his army across the Rubicon River and took control of Rome
• Caesar and his army destroyed Pompey's army
• He returned home and was appointed dictator for life
• Caesar's Reforms
• Reforms
• Granted citizenship to many people in the provinces
• expanded the senate
• helped the poor by creating jobs
• new public buildings
• increased pay for soldiers
• Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius led Caesar's assassination
• Beginning of the Empire
• After Caesar's death, a civil war broke out and destroyed the Republic
• Octavian, Lepidus, and Mark Antony became the second triumvirate
• Octavian forced Lepidus to retire
• Octavian and Mark Antony became rivals
• Mark Antony fell in love with Cleopatra and Octavian accused him of Ruling Rome from Egypt.
• Another Civil war broke out, and Antony and Cleopatra killed themselves
• Octavian accepted the title of Augustus, or exalted one. 
• Also took the term imperator or supreme military commander
• A Vast and Powerful Empire
• Augustus achieved Pax Romana for 207 years
• His empire had 60-80 million people and 1 million people in Rome itself
• A Sound Government
• Augustus died in A.D. 14 and the empire was sustained afterwards
• Agriculture and trade
• 90% of the population was engaged in farming
• A silver coin called the denarius was in use throughout the empire.
• Trade was very important
• The Roman World
• Rome emphasized the values of discipline, strength, and loyalty, or gravitas
• 
  
• Slaves and Captivity
• Slavery was important to the econemy
• Most slaves were conquered people
• Strong slaves became gladiators
• Gods and Goddesses
• The earliest Romans worshiped divine spirits called numina, Lares were closely related
• Lares were the guardians spirits of each family
• they honored these people through various rituals hoping to gain fame and fortune.
• Government and religion were linked
• Deities were symbols of the state
• Important Roman Gods and Goddesses were Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva
• Society and Culture
• Most people in Rome barely had the necessities of life.
• The government Rationed out grain
• The Government provided free games, mock battles, races, and gladiator contests
• 150 holidays is A.D 250
• Christianity rose in Pax Romana, hardships were faced.

Questions

• Civil war ended up removing the rest of the Roman republic
• Julius Caeser was a very important dictator in Rome and had many reforms that helped the poor.
• Triumvirates were a group of three rulers, and they usually overthrew each other.
• Augustus was a very important leader and is responsible for Pax Romana, or the Roman golden age.
• Pax Romana was one of the most important times in Romes history and the empire had a upward of 80,000 people.
• 3. Civil war, large gap between poor and rich people, small farmers had to give up their jobs.
• 4. It was able to hold it's government do to a able, organized government and good rulers.
• They made 150 Holidays and offered free games, mock battles, races, and gladiator contests in the Colosseum.

Caesar and the Roman Empire

Notes

• Civil War- conflict between groups of people withing the same country
• Julius Caesar- a military leader who eventually became dictator of Rome and was murdered.
• Triumvirate- a group of three rulers
• Augustus- exalted one
• Pax Romana- Roman Peace

Notes and Questions (Continued Tomorrow)

• Romes wealthiness brought problems because the rich and poor gap 
• Generals seized power for themselves
• Julius Caesar, CRassus, and Pompey became the first Triumvirate
• Caesar became an absolute ruler
• Reforms
• Granted citizenship to many people in the provinces'
• expanded the senate
• helped the poor by creating jobs
• new public buildings
• Started colonies where people without land could live
• increased the pay for soldiers.
• Octavian Became Agustus
• Roman entered  Pax Romana for 207 years.
• Agriculture was important

Hannibal and the Punic War

Vocabulary

• Senate- the aristocratic branch of Rome's Government
• Dictator- a assigned leader who had absolute power over laws and army in th time of crisis. Held power for only six months
• legions- small military units
• Punic wars- a series of three wars between Rome and Carthage, resulting with the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the Mediterranean.
• Hannibal- the mastermind behind the war was a 29 year old Carthaginian General named Hannibal and wanted to avenge Carthage's defeat.
• Twelve tables- written laws for the plebeians

Notes

• Legions were made of 5000 infantry, a group of cavalry. Legions were split up in 80 men called a century. A key factor to Rome's greatness.
• first Punic war- control for Sicily (264-241). Carthage lost.
• Second Punic war- Hannibal was the mastermind behind this war, He assembled an army of 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 60 elephants.Led his army through Spain and through the Alps to Rome. Hannibal won the battle of Carthage but failed to capture Rome.
• Scipio Devised a plan to attack Carthage
• Third Punic war (Carthage was destroyed and all 50,000 citizens were sold into slavery.

Questions

1. Definitions
1. The Roman Republic was a fairer system of government and had a big contribution to their success.
2. Patricians were the minority of Rome and made most of the political decisions.
3. The plebeians were the majority in Rome and they could only vote until the Tribunes and the twelve tables.
4. Tribunes gave plebeians more authority and they protected the their rights.]
5. Consuls were the main leaders of Rome and they have the power to veto each other.
6. The senate organized foreign policy and Rome.
7. Dictators were short term rulers assigned in times of crisis.
8. Legions had a strategic advantage and gave Rome most military success.
9. The Punic Wars demonstrated Romes power and defeated an major threat so they can expand their land.
10. Hannibal was a fearless 29 year old leader who fought Rome in the second Punic War.

3. Their term was 1 year long, the same person could not be elected again for the nect ten years, one can always veto the other.

4. The twelve tables were the first steps to Roman law and it also established that all free citizens have a right to the protection of the law.

Hannibal's attack was daring because it was a treacherous journey and he lost half of his men, but it surprised Rome.

The Roman Republic

Main Ideas

• POWER AND AUTHORITY- Rome began as a Republic, a government in which elected officials represent the people. Eventually, absolute rulers called emperors seized power and expanded the empire.
• EMPIRE BUILDING- At it's height, the roman empire touched three continents, Europe, Asia, and Africa. For several centuries, Rome brought peace and prosperity to its empire before it collapsed.
• RELIGIOUS AND ETHICAL SYSTEM- Out of Rome rose a monotheistic or single god, known as Christianity. Based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, it soon spread throughout Rome and beyond.

Timeline

• 509 B.C.- Rome becomes a republic.
• 264 B.C.- First Punic war begins
• 218 B.C.- In the second Punic War, Hannibal invades Italy
• 31 B.C.- Octavian defeats the forces of Antony and Cleopatra.
• A.D. 284- Diocletian becomes emperor of Rome.
• A.D. 476- Western Roman Empire falls.

Terms & Names

• Republic- a form of government in which power is in the hands of representatives and leaders are elected by the citizens who have the right to vote.
• Patrician- a member of the wealthy, privileged upper class.
• Plebeian- one of the common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up most of the population.
• Tribune- an official elected by the plebeians to protect their rights.
• Consul- one of the two powerful officials elected each year to command the army and direct the government.
• Senate-  (cont. next class)
• Dictator-
• Legion-
• Punic Wars-
• Hannibal-

Edit: You are missing out on a shelter in place because a tornado touched down in Jarrettsville, supposedly.

Rome

• Etruscans
• Came form central part of the peninsula
• they were metalworkers, artists and architects
• Foundation Myths
• Virgil’s Aeneid, Aeneas escapes from Troy
• the story of Remus and Romulus
• Greeks in Rome
• They had many colonies around the Mediterranean sea
• Romans borrowed a lot from them such as:
• religious beliefs
• alphabet
• art
• military techniques and weaponry
• The Latins settled in Rome first
• Latins were:
• descendants of Indo-Europeans
• settled on the banks of the Tiber
• situated so trading ships could navigate as far as Rome
• a commercial port, but not susceptible to attack
• built on seven hills (Palatine is most important)
• Remus wanted to build on Aventine
• Romulus wanted to build on Palatine
• many streams flowed into the Tiber
• there was a marshy area called the Forum,  between Palatine and Capitoline Hills
• Tarquin the Proud’s grandfather built the Cloaca Maxima (largest ancient drain), which channeled water into the Tiber
• Lucius Tarquinias Superbus
• the seventh and final king of Rome
• known as Tarquin the Proud (sometimes referred to as Tarquin the Arrogant)
• he was a tyrant, in the old and modern sense of the word
• He made the people of Rome never want to have a king again
• New Government
• Two Consuls
• consuls are elected officials
• one year in office 
• always aristocrats (patricians)
• patricians traced their descent from a famous ancestor, or pater (“father”)
• duties: dealing justice, making law, commanding the army
• one consul could veto the other (reducing the power of the individual)
• Plebs
• fifth century BCE - patrician dominance of the government was challenged by the plebs (“people”)
• plebs were 98% of the population
• plebs had to serve in the army, but could not hold office
• plebs were threatened with debt slavery
• plebs had no legal rights
• Plebs refused to enter the military until set laws were written down.
• laws were written out (The Law of the Twelve Tables)
• these laws (on tablets) were posted in public (in 450 BCE)
• tribunes (“tribal leaders”) were elected  
• S.P.Q.R. - Senatus Populusque Romanum
• designates any decree or decision made by “the Roman Senate and People”
• res publica -the people’s affairs
• brand new republic
• democracy (the people’s assembly and the tribunes)
• aristocracy (the Senate - approx. 300 members)
• plus monarchy (the consuls)
• not a tyranny 
• The U.S. Government and the Roman government both have three branches and a legal code
• Roman Government
• executive
• two consuls
• one year terms
• each has veto power
• controls the military
• could appoint a dictator in a crisis for a six-month term
• Legislative
• Senate - 300 people - aristocrats - members for life
• Assemblies (either Centuriate or Tribal) 193 members (later 373) - members for life
• Judicial
• Praetors
• chosen by the Centuriate Assembly
• one-year terms
• U.S. Government
• executive
• President (plus VP)
• four year terms
• can veto proposed laws
• Commander-in-Chief of the military
• legislative
• Senate - 100 senators (two from each state) - six-year terms
• House of Representatives - 435 members (55 from Cali; MD has 8; AK, DE, MT, ND, SD, VT, WY have 1) - two-year terms
• judicial
• Supreme Court
• nine members
• lifetime terms
• appointed by the President, confirmed by the Senate

Next 2 Weeks

You will be out for the next two weeks. The classes will be a lot of busy work and I am not looking forwards to it. I am very interested about Rome so this unit will be very interesting. Although I thought Greece was interesting, I always was fascinated by the Roman Empire. I saw somewhere that if the Roman Empire was still around today, it would be the most powerful and wealthy country in the world. That's about it for this class, but here is an update on the duck. It is in the same exact spot so it is definitely on a nest. I researched it and if there are eggs, they will hatch in about 1-2 weeks. Again I have no clue how the ducklings will exit the courtyard. Maybe we could feed them bread or other food at lunch.

Duck

We took our test today and it was not to difficult in my opinion. Half of the stuff I was studying for was not even on it and another half of the test I did not study for. This is why I like directed notes. The only troublesome problem was the question that went something like "I Developed a method of critical thinking where you ask question and answer," Something like that.  I was deciding between Aristotle and Socrates because both of them made a scientific method, but I ended up going with Socrates. There has been nice weather mostly, so the past week I have been spending my free periods in the courtyard, that is where I am now. I saw something moving in a pile of leaves, and I looked at it and it was a duck sitting in the leaves. It looks like it is sitting on a nest because there are a lot of down feathers surrounding the leaves. I have been watching it since Wednesday and it has not moved from the spot. If it is sitting on a nest, how will the ducklings escape the courtyard. It is completely boxed in. Well, it is starting to rain. Hope the ducks make it.

Test

      The test is Friday. I do not think I am ready at all for it. This week has been super busy and I have had 0 time to study. I have test and a essay due tomorrow, and I have not started the essay yet because I was studying for the test. Thankfully I have a free period tomorrow so I can do it then. I still have to study for the Western civ test, which is going to be very difficult. In my opinion, the most time consuming thing about studying for tests is making a quizlet. Making the quizlet will be even longer for this test because of how broad the topic is. I really wish there were a directed notes for the test because it is very stressful not knowing what the test will be on. I pretty much wrote down every fact in the book which will take hours to make a quizlet.

Hellenistic Culture

Vocab

• Hellenistic- relating to the civilization, language, art, science, and literature of the Greek world from the reign of Alexander the Great to the late second century
• Alexandria- the foremost center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization
•  Euclid- a highly regarded mathematician who taught in Alexandria
• Archimedes- An important Hellenistic scientist who estimated the value of pi and explained the law of the lever
• Colossus of Rhodes- a 100 ft tall statue that is one of the seven wonders of the world. It was destroyed in a earthquake in 225

Notes

• After Alexander's conquest, Egyptians, Persian, and Indian influences became known as Hellenistic culture
• Koiner was the common language in Hellenistic cities, meaning common
• Ships from all over the world docked at Alexandria's harbor
• By third century B.C, Alexandria became the center of commerce
• Pharos
• 350 ft tall lighthouse
• a polished bronze mirror reflected light from a bright fire
• Alexandria's Museums and library attracted many people

Science and Technology

• Alexandrian Scientists provided most scientific knowledge until the 16th and 27th centuries
• Alexandria's museum contained an observatory
• Aristarchus of Samos
• Concluded the sun is at least 300 times larger than the earth
• Believed planets moved around the sun
• Ptolemy said planets and the sun revolved around the earth]
• Eratosthenes
• directed the Alexandrian library
• tried to calculate Earth's true size (28000-29000)
• Poet
• Historian
• Euclid
• Mathematician who taught in Alexandria
• His book,"Elements" contains 465 geometry prepositions and proofs
• Archimedes
• Estimated the value of pi
• Explained the law of a lever
• Archimedes screw drew water from the ground
• compound pulley
• Hellenistic scientists later built a pump, pneumatic machines, and a steam engine
• Zeno(335-263)
• Founded a school called Stoicism
• Stoics
• Proposed people should live a virtuous life life in harmony and God will run the universe with set laws.
• Human Desire, Wealth, Power, were dangerous distractions
• social unity
• focus followers on what they can control
• Epicurus
• formed a school of thought called the Epicureanism
• gods had no interest in humans
• The only real objects are the ones the 5 scenes see
• Greatest goods and highest pleasure from virtuous conduct and absence of pain

Alexander's Empire

Vocabulary

• Philip II- A ruthless politician and a brilliant general and was king of Macedonia at the age of 23.
• Macedonia- Located north of Greece, has a colder climate and a rough terrain. Has mountain villages.
• Alexander the great- king Philip's son who conquered most of Greece and Persia.
• Darius III- the Persian king at the time of Alexander the great

Notes

• Philip wanted to avenge the Persian invasion of Greece
• Greeks looked down at the Macedonians as uncivilized foreigners who had no great Philosophers, sculptors, or writers.
• Macedonians had shrewd and fearless kings
• King Philip
• Became a king 359 B.C 
• turned rugged peasants into well trained soldiers
• Organised a Phalanx with 16 by 16 men with 18 foot long pikes to break through enemy lines
• Cavalry would then attack
• Prepared to invade Greece
• Conquest of Greece
• Demosthenes tried to warn Greece to prepare for Philip, but Greece never found a policy
• in 338, Athens and Thebes joined against them
• Philip defeated Greeks at the battle of Chaeronea, ending Greek independence
• Greece is now under control of Macedonia
• Alexander the Great
• King Philip was stabbed at his daughters wedding at 336 by a former guard member
• Alexander immediately proclaimed himself as king
• 20 years old
• well educated by Aristotle
• Kept the Iliad under his pillow
• Destroyed the city of Thebes when they rebelled, scaring all of Greece to not fight back
• in 334 B.C, he led 35000 soldiers across the Hellespont into Anatolia
• 40,000 Persians tried to stop this
• they met at the Granicus River
• Smashed the Persian Defenses
• Darius raised an army of 75,000 to 50,000 men
• Alexander sent his finest men to charge at Darius, and he fled. Victory.
•  Alexander now controlled Anatolia
• Darius wanted Peace, but Alexander attacked
• He was welcomed into Egypt as a liberator, and was made Pharaoh.
• In Egypt, he built Alexandria at the mouth of the Nile
• the Persian king assembled 250000 men
• Alexander led a massive Phalanx  and Cavalry, and Darius fled
• Alexander ended the power of Persia
• He later occupied Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis
• Burnt Persepolis to the Ground
• Other Conquests
• Alexander kept moving east, to the edge of the continent
• in 326, He conquered India
• Agreed to turn back because his soldiers were losing Morale
• Alexander wanted to unify his empire and conquered Arabia, but died at age 32 because of a fever
• Power struggle over the conquered land by Macedonian Generals
• Antigonus became king of Macedonia
• Ptolemy- Egypt
• Seleucus- Persia, which became known as the Seleucid kingdom
• Ignored democracy, monarchy
• (questions 1,3,4,5 tomorrow)

Finishing the First Section

• Philosophers believed
• The universe is put together in an orderly way with unchanging law.
• People can understand these laws through logic and wisdom
• Philosopher means "lovers of Wisdom"
• Protagoras- a sophist who questioned the existence of Greek gods, and there was no universal standard to truth
• Socrates (470-399)
• a critic to sophists
• believed there was a standard to truth
• encouraged Greeks to question them selves and their moral Character
• "The unexamined life is not worth living"
• Socratic Method- asking questions and answering them
• 399 B.C., Socrates was brought to trial for "corrupting the Athenian youth" and "impiety"
• Died by poison Hemlock
• Plato (427-347)
• He was born into a wealthy family
• He was a wrestler and a poet before he became a Philosopher
• Student of Socrates, 20 years old when his teacher died
• After he died, he founded a school called the Academy
• Wrote down the conversations of Socrates "as means of philosophical investigation"
• Wrote The Republic, 
• A perfectly governed society
• 3 classes in the society
• Artisans and farmers
• Warriors
• Ruling Class
• The most intelligent philosopher would be king
• This book dominated Philosophy in Europe for 1500 years
• Aristotle (384-322)
• Son of a physician
• went to Plato's Academy
• Opened his own school, the Lyceum
• He questioned 
• Nature of the world
• human belief
• though
• knowledge
• Came up with a method for arguing based on the rules of logic
• He applied this message to psychology, physics, and biology
• taught Alexander the Great
• Vocabulary
• Direct Democracy- a form of government where citizens rule directly, and not through representatives
• Classical Art- the art of ancient Greece and Rome, in which harmony, order, and proportion are emphasized
• Tragedy- a serious drama about common themes, such as love, hate, war, or betrayal. Protagonists always had a fatal flaw, usually hubris
• Comedy- Containing scenes filled with slapstick situations and crude humor
• Peloponnesian War- a war lasting from 431 to 404 B.C. where Athens and its allies were defeated by Sparta and its allies
• Philosopher- a thinker who used logic and reason to investigate the nature of the universe, humans society, and morality
• Sophists- questioned people's unexamined life, and there is no definition of truth.

More on the Golden Age

• 3 famous tragedy playwrights
• Aeschylus
• wrote 80 plays, such as a trilogy- a 3 play sequence
• wrote the Orrestea
• Orestea
• Based on the family Agamemnon, the Mycenaean king of the Trojan War
• Sophocles
• Wrote more than 100 plays
• Oedepus the king (Oedipus Rex)
• Antigone
• Euripides
• Featured strong women in his works
• Medea
• Comedy writers
• Aristophanes wrote the first great comedies
• the Birds
• Lysistrata
• Lysistrata was about Athenian women begging the husbands to stop the Peloponnesian war. 
• Athenians could listen to criticisms of themselves, showing their freedom and openness.
• History
• Herodotus 
• wanted the accurate recording of historical events
• wrote the book "The Persian War"
• "The Persian War" may have been the first historical book written
• Thucydides
• The Greatest historian of the classical age
• Believed certain types of events and political situations recur over time.
• Peloponnesian War
• Tension between Athens and Sparta
• war was inevitable
• war was declared at 431 B.C.
• Athenian Army
• Strong navy
• Weak Army
• Spartan military
• Weak Navy
• Strong Army
• Spartans marched onto Athenian territory, burning the food supply
• A plague struck Athens, killing 1/3 of the population, including Pericles
• in 421, the two sides signed a truce
• the peace did not last long
• in 415, Athens sent 20000 soldiers to the island of Sicily
• Athenian military was completely destroyed in 413 B.C.
• They surrendered in 404 B.C.

Golden Age

• Golden age (477-431), growth of intellectual and artistic learning.
• Pericles led Athens through much of its golden age
• Pericles
• Popular support for 32 years
• skillful politician
• inspiring speaker
• respected military general
• 461-429B.C.- age of Pericles 
• Pericles's 3 goals

1. to strengthen democracy
2. to hold and strengthen the empire
3. to glorify Athens

• Pericles's reforms
• increased the number of officials who were paid salaries
• Direct Democracy
• Made the Athenian Navy the strongest in the Mediterranean
• took large sums of money from the Delian League to pay artists and architects and he bough gold and ivory to beautify Athens.
• Some polloponnesian city stated refused to join Delian League.
• The Parthenon- a 23000 sq. ft. temple built to honor Athens.
• Phidias crafted a 30 ft tall statue of Athena out of gold and Ivory
• The Greeks invented Drama
• Wealthy citizens had to create plays as part of their civic duties.
• 3 famous playwrights
• Aeschylus
• wrote 80 plays, such as a trilogy- a 3 play sequence
• wrote the Orrestea
• Orestea

Presentation Day

      Me and Anthony did our project today and I think we did very well. Everything went well, but the voting was not as good as I wanted it to be. It was very unorganized, and it seems like people did not understand what to do. I was hoping people would come up before voting to speak their opinion, but they all just came up and voted right away. Some people did speak, which was good. Anyway, I am glad it was a close vote. I was worried everyone would either be for or against it but it was 9 to 12, which is close enough for me. The other project presented today were good. Sean, Trent, and Kyle's project was very well done in my opinion. It was filled with a lot of information and had a well done video to accompany it. Anthony graded this one, but I would have given them a 98%. They would have gotten a higher grade then the other projects because there video was a bit more professional. It was still not serious at some parts, which is why it gets 2 points of, but it was surprisingly interesting and engaging. On the other hand, Ryan, Patrick, and Austin's project was not the best. It contained a lot of information, but the entire project was pretty much describing the video that they did not make. I feel like they would have gotten a much higher score if they got rid of the video they did not make, and included the video of them making the Greek fire and testing it. It would have been very interesting to see the Greek fire being made and tested. I gave them a 87%.

Presentation Day 1

         This blog is late. Yesterday Kaitlin, Olivia, Miel, Gía, and Leigh went. They did OK but it was still not the best. I do not want to judge them to harshly, but I feel like there was a slight lack of effort. They said multiple times in the videos something like: "The Greeks had this but we did not get it because..." I know some of the things they did not get were dangerous, such as lead powder, but they also did not get things like saffron or ash. I ended up giving them a 89, because I could tell some of them tried and it is not fair for the ones who try to get a lower grade. This is why I do not like group project. Either one person does all the work and the others get the credit for doing nothing, or one not trying ruins it for the whole group.

Presentation Day 2

      There were more presentations today. I think they were good but some were better than others. Bradly and Colin's presentation definitely had the most information, but it was not very engaging and it was more like a class power-point that I was supposed to take notes on. I ended up giving them a 96 because I could tell they did a lot of research. Grace and Katie's presentation was next and in my opinion, it was not the best. Again am not a big fan of the food topic because it was such a small detail in ancient Greece. I know food is necessary for survival of a nation, but there are better options for a project. There video was also not too professional as well. Me and Anthony ended up giving them a 87.  The project on the Athenian vs. Spartan was also very good. It was very descriptive, but again, the video was not to serious. Anthony graded this one and he gave them a 96. It is a shame we had to move our's to Tuesday because I feel like we were ready to present. Oh well.

Even More on the Project

         I think the project is going very well. We are almost 100% ready to present, we just need to make some note-cards and jobs for the people in the class. I found more interesting information on democracy, such as the three different parts of it, the ekklesia, the boule, and the dikasteria. It added some more information that was not in the PowerPoint you made. I do not know who will go first, but I hope it is not our group. I want to see other people before we do ours so I know what is expected. My main worry with our project is that we will either have no-one participate, or go over the ten minute mark. Anthony shortened the power-point so we would have more time to do the voting.

More on the Project.

    I almost forgot to do this blog. The project is going very well and we have added some new ideas. Each person in the class will be given a job or lifestyle that could have been around during ancient ancient Greece. I know all women should not be able to vote because it is Athens, but they will be counted as citizens for the project. The reason we are assigning people jobs is because it will get both sides of the story. We are thinking of making the assembly on a issue such as lowering taxes. A person assigned as a potter may want taxes to be lowered, while a wealthy noble would want the  taxes to stay the same. It would hopefully add diversity to the vote, and not everyone voting for the same thing because they know it is right.

     Today in Western Civ. we took our test on ancient Greece. I think I did pretty good but I know for a fact that I got at least 2 wrong. I got the most powerful army question wrong and what makes you a citizen of Athens. I could have still gotten a ton more wrong if you made more of the problems tricky like That still means I got a 95, which I am happy with. Third quarter is almost over and I am looking forward to it. For some reason the third quarter has felt so long and annoying. I am pretty sure summer uniforms also start. In my opinion, uniforms are unnecessary. I know they prepare you for a job and look neat, but they are very annoying and very expensive. I feel like a strict dress code would be best.

Philosopherlapalooza

• Socrates
• looked to science and logic (not the mythological gods) for explanations of how the world worked
• the Socratic Method fostered critical thinking
• "the unexamined life is not worth living"
• Socrates was charges with impiety and corruption of the Athenian youth
• at his trial, he described himself as a stinging gadfly, and Athens as a lazy old horse.
• did not deny what he had done; asked for free dinners
• found guilty by an Athenian jury and was sentenced to death by drinking poison hemlock
• Plato
• Student of Socrates
• wrote out Socrates’ teachings, and described his trial in Apology(explanation)
• Republic was Socrates’ discussion of justice and the ideal state and one of the most influential books on philosophy ever written
• Aristotle
• student of Plato
• he helped foster the idea of Athens as an intellectual destination
• his school - the Lyceum - focused on cooperative research - building on knowledge gathered from all over the world 
• He wrote on topics such as 
• logic - physics - biology 
• ethics - politics - rhetoric
• motion - theater - poetry
• metaphysics - psychology - dream
• Tutored Alexander the great
• dreamed of getting all knowledge in one location

• Greeks were unique because they had relationships with their gods
• Greeks were warlike, especially the Spartans
• Spartans were known for their tough, ruthless infantry(solders who fought on land)
• Athens had a good infantry, but their navy was the best
• there most effective weapon was the Trireme
• A technological wonder
• Fastest ship in the world at the time
• Rowed by 170 men at 3 levels
• Battering ram
• agile, fast
• The Phalanx
• close rank, dense grouping
• armed wit long spears and interlocking shields
• soldiers would advance slowly until they broke through
• Persian war
• Persia had a huge army and nearly unlimited resources
• Greek army 
• Iron weapons meant ordinary citizens could arm themselves
• foot soldiers (hoplites) were trained at a young age
• armed with spears, swords, shields
• they fraught in a phalanx
• "home field"
• motivated to preserve democracy
• Persian army
• Archers
• cavalry
• lightly armored infantry
• huge numbers
• long way from home
• professional army (mercenaries)
• Victorious Greeks form the Delian League

        Today in western civ we discussed our projects more. I was worried that we would not be able to make the sculpture because clay is very difficult to work with, but after hearing your idea, I can just completely forget about the sculpture. Holding a voting session will also get the classes attention more which will be a big part of the grade. In the beginning of class I can have a white and black rock passed to everybody, and at the end of the presentation, we will have a voting session. I am still trying to figure out a good topic. I have not found a better topic than your new road scenario and I do not want to steal it so I will try to think of another. I am worried no one will come up to say their opinion, so I may give anyone who says a argument a jolly rancher or some other candy. I know it is not related to Greece but I don't think anyone would want an olive. I hope I will not have to use the jolly ranchers and people would just cooperate. It is debated where they put the rocks to vote, some images show in piles and other images show the rocks in Greek vases, so I will probably just bring in  a flower pot with Greek looking paintings on it. I am horrible at art, but my sister takes art here so I hope she will help, I hope that would not be cheating.

Project

       I usually dread large, group projects like this, but this time, I am actually semi-happy we are doing this. My partner is Anthony and we are most likely going to make a power-point on the birth of democracy, and the sculpture or diorama we will make will be where the Greeks would vote. Of course it looks better in my head then it will than when we actually make it, but it is the efforts that count. I may also go down to the river and get a white and black rock, and maybe pass it around or something. I am confused on the one page paper though. Something that is going to help us a lot on our sculpture is Google Earth. I found the first Agora in Athens in 3-D on google earth. I can also go into street view and see what it looks like from the inside, which can be helpful. Overall, I am happy we are doing a project on a interesting topic like Greece, and I am interested to see if our idea will work.

        Today in Human Geo we watched a video on ancient Greece and answered questions on the video. In was a very good video and it further explained what happened with some of the rulers and how the overthrow of the government came to be. I did miss three questions, all in different parts of the video, so it will be very annoying going through the video to find them. My sister usually takes me home right after school, but because she is doing tech week, I have to wait for my dad and he picks me up at 4:30. I now realize how hard it is to think anywhere after school. The cafeteria is just constant noise, and the Media Center isn't any better. Did they really have to change the name of the Library. Maybe if it was still called a library, people would be quiet in it; it is really not a library anymore though. It is more of just chairs and a single wall that have a couple hundred books on it, so I guess it is not a library.

• Hippias was a tyrant who ruled from 527 to 510 bc
• his brother was murdered, and his rule became harsh
• he was then ostracized from Athens
• He was angry, so he collaborated with the Persian king, Darius I, helping him invade Marathon
• with Hippias gone, Isagoras and Cleithenes (aristocrats) engaged in a power struggle 
• Isagoras had support from aristocrats and Sparta
• Cleithenes had support from the middle class
• Isagoras wins
• Isagoras becomes archon eponymous (tyrant)
• he ostracized Cleisthenes
• Middle class aid Cleithenes
• They Trap Isagoras on the acropolis for two days, and on the third day, he fled and was banished
• 508 BC
• Cleithenes
• Member of the elite
• very rich
• insulated by the "hoi polloi"
• a crafty politician
• Citizen (one fifth of Athenians) could participate in democracy
• Direct democracy
• where the state is ruled by citizens
• rule is based on citizenship
• majority decides vote

• During the seventh and sixth centuries BC, aristocrats ran the show in most of Greece
• Aristocrats, members of the ruling class
• The attended symposiums, meetings where the elite men would enjoy wine and poetry, performances by dancers and acrobats and the company of hetaeras (courtesans) while discussing politics.
• politics
• no women, middle class, slaves, or certain aristocrats who did not have the right connections.
• tyrants seize control
• sometimes, aristocrats would form alliances with hoplites- well armed soldiers, and set up an alternative form of government known as tyranny
• tyrant- someone who rules outside the framework of the polis
• modern meaning of tyrant- an abusive or repressive ruler
• Greek meaning- someone who seized power
• Draconian- unnecessarily harsh
• Draco- 621
• Solon reforms 594
• outlaws debt slavery
• all Athenian citizen can vote at the assembly
• any citizen can press charges against other wrongdoers
• Cleistheses
• more reforms around 500 BC
• all citizens can submit laws at the assembly
• created the council of five hundred (numbers chosen at random, to counsel the assembly
• women slaves and foreigners could still not vote.

Warring City States

• Polis: fundamental political unit, made up of a city and the surrounding countryside.
• Politics, policy, political, metropolitan, etc.
• Monarchy, ruled by a single person (a king in Greece)
• aristocracy: rule by a small group of nobles, very rich landowning families.
• oligarchy: wealthy groups, dissatisfied with aristocratic rule, who seized power (often with military help)
• Tyrant: powerful individual who seized control by appealing to the common people for support.
• During the seventh and sixth centuries of B.C., aristocrats ran the show in most of Greece
• Most cities controlled between 50 and 500 square miles of territory, with 10,000 residents
• the agora was on-top of a fortified hilltop or acropolis, were citizen discussed politics.
• aristocracy- government ruled by small families
• clashes often occurred between rulers and people
• nobles usually stole control of the government by appealing to the common people- a Tyrant
• they were seen to work in interest of the common people.
• Athens reforms to a democracy
• Draco took power at 621 B.C.
• he made a legal note that rich and poor are equal under the law
• He had harsh punishments, most being death
• He enforced debt slavery, which was where people would work as slaves to pay debt
• Solon came to power at 594 B.C.
• He outlawed debt slavery
• He organized Athenians into 4 social classes
• only the top three classes could be a political leader, but all could take part in voting

• a quarter of the peninsula is fertile valleys, but only 20% is arable.
• Greek diet consists of grain, grapes, olives, and fish.
• lack of resources most likely led to Greek colonization
• Temperatures ranged from the 40s to the 80s.
• Their influence began around 2000bc
• Mycenae is located on a rocky ridge  on Peloponnesus
• Mycenaean kings dominated Greece from 1600-1100bc
• 1400bc, Mycenaean invaded Crete and absorbed Minoan Culture
• Trojan war, fought around 1200bc
• part of Greek mythology- until the 91th century, most historians thought it was fictional. 
• Athena, Aphrodite, and Hera were given the "apple of discord"
• Paris judged Aphrodite as the fairest
• Aphrodite made Helen fall in love with Paris who took her back to Troy
• Around 1200 bc, the mysterious sea people began to invade Mycenae, and burnt palaces
• Dorians moved into the region, dominating from 1500-750
• Under the Dorians; trade based economy collapsed and writing disappeared for 400 years
• Homer lived during the Greek dark ages and composed stories of the Trojan war 750-700bc
• The Iliad- the last conquest of the Mycenaean(Trojan war)
• The Odyssey- Odysseus attempts to return from the Trojan war but gets lost.
• the odyssey was 12,110 lines of dactylic hexameter
• Homer may have been mythical as well, the "Homeric question"
• His epics may have been the culmination of many generations of storytelling.

(Ancient) Greece is the Word

• The world's great civilizations were all mostly located on water
• Great river civilizations(ON TEST)
• Egypt (Nile river)
• Mesopotamia(Tigris+ Euphrates)
• India(Indus River)
• China(Huang He river
• Culture of the mountains and the sea, a geographical look at Greece
• Geography
• Note the significance of Greece's location
• Describe Greece's topography
• look at Greece's surroundings
• How could this effect their culture
• a closer look
• What bodies of water surround Greece
• What large island is to the south/ south-east
• Describe where Athens and Sparta are located relative to the sea, and to each other
• KNOW FOR TEST+LOCATION ON MAP
• Aegean Sea
• Ionian Sea
• Adriatic Sea (it’s just north of the Ionian Sea)
• Peloponnesus
• Athens
• Sparta
• Crete
• Asia Minor
• Macedonia
• Greece is a mountainous peninsula
• Approximately 2000 island in the Ionian and Aegean sea
• they had many skilled sailors, ship builders, farmers, metalworkers, weavers, and potters
• they had little natural resources, so they needed to trade
• it was difficult to unite the ancient Greeks because of the terrain
• they developed small, independent communities (city-states)
• 15000B.C, The Mycenaean developed the Minoan writing system
• They formed the core of Greek religion, art, politics, an literature.
• They fought a ten year war against troy because they kidnapped Helen, a Greek king's wife.
• After the Trojan war, the Mycenaean civilization collapsed.

Vocabulary

1. Mycenaean-people who settled in the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C.
2. Trojan War- a war around 1200B.C in which an army led by Mycenaean kings attacked the independent trading city of troy in Anatolia.
3. Dorian- Greek speaking people that migrated to mainland Greece after the destruction of the Mycenaean Civilization.
4. Homer-A blind storyteller who passed on the history of Greece
5. epic- a long narrative poem celebrating the deeds of legendary or traditional heroes
6. myth- A traditional story about, ancestors, or heroes, told to explain the natural world or the customs and beliefs of society.

Greece

• In 3000B.C., the Minoans lived on the large Greek island of Crete and created a elegant civilization that had great power in the Mediterranean world.
• Ancient Greece was mainly a mountainous peninsula jutting out of the sea.
• There were also 2000 islands on the Ionian and Aegean Sea.
• The Aegean sea, Ionian Sea, and Black sea were very important for transportation
• Mountains separated many regions of Greece
• Greeks developed small, independent communities within each mountain valley
• only small parts of Greece were farm-able
• Greece had 48 degree weather in the winter and 80 degrees in the summer.
• Mycenaean settled in the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C.
• The name for their leading city is Mycenae.
• It was surrounded by a wall 20 feet thick
• Strong rulers controlled Mycenae cities, such as Tiryns and Athens.
• These kings controlled Greece from about 1600-1100B.C.

• At 3100B.C, the lands were united by Narmer.
• Egyptians relied on harmony and balance of the universe, which they called "Maat" (personalized by the goddess of Maat; ideological opposite of goddess "isfet"
• All routs of financial and social success were through the palace
• Women could ow money and land and divorce, but little had power.
• Gods often had animal heads or bodies.
• All souls would need to justify themselves at the point of death and were either sent to an after world paradise or the mouth of a monster.
• Hieroglyphics was formed at around 3100B.C.
• They created the calendar with 12 months and 365 days to predict the flooding of the Nile river.
• They had excellent knowledge of human anatomy and would work extensively on health issues
• wooden sailboats were constructed
• pyramids were tombs covered in marble
• The temple of Amon at Karnak is the largest religious building in the world 
• Stone sculptures and interior paintings filled the temple.

      Today in western civ. we did a worksheet on different vocab words. This was helpful because it gave extra vocab words that I may have missed when I was taking notes.The ancient Egypt test is also Monday and you said it would be like the Mesopotamia quiz. I did not really like the Mesopotamia quiz format because it was worth so much points but only fifteen questions. I was OK with the questions on it because everything was in the textbook, but I did not like the spelling part. I know one of them I got wrong was the wrong answer, but spelling uncommon challenging words it very annoying. I used to not believe people when they said English was a hard language, but I am starting to realize that they are correct. After taking German, I realized how organized and concrete their language is. It is almost like math with pronunciation. For example: "ei" always makes and "i" sound and "ie" always makes an "e" sound. So as long as you know the rules, you can write out any German word. I am able to spell out "informatikaufgaben" with out even looking up the spelling, and I cannot even spell English words like "museum" or "accommodate." I can already foresee you making us spell "pharaoh" or "Tutankhamen" on  the test and I will do word triangles again just like I did in third grade. Of course I am not mad with my grade, I still have an A, I am just mad why I got that grade.

Pg .41, #1, 3, 4, 5

1.

• The delta allowed easy river travel between parts of Egypt while also providing a source of water and fertile land.
• Narmer was a very important king because he united upper and lower Egypt.
• The pharaoh was a incredibly powerful ruler of Egypt who was treated, and believed to be a god by his people.
• Ancient Egypt was a theocracy because the pharaoh ruled Egypt and the pharaoh was a religious figure; many countries are still theocracies today, such as Saudi Arabia and Iran.'
• The pyramid was built for dead pharaoh's ka, or afterlife, and one of the pyramids was the tallest man-made structure for 3,800 years.
• Egyptians would preserve bodies by mummification and put their items in their coffin so they can have it in the afterlife.
• Hieroglyphics were the written language of ancient Egyptians.
• Papyrus was a reed used to make paper that grew along the Nile river.

3. The desert surrounding Egypt protected them from invaders, allowing Egypt to grow without any threats.

4. Egyptians viewed the pharaoh as a god.

5. They would get mummified so they could have different items in there afterlife. Their mummified bodies would be buried with their clothing, cosmetics, and jewelry.

I got two wrong on the test. Both of them were most likely the spelling ones. The first one I got wrong is the first spelling one. I was so focused on spelling it correctly that I put the wrong word. It should have been Neolithic, which is also much easier to spell. I also guess I spelled Ziggurat wrong, but looking it up it is correct, so it could have been another problem.

Egypt

EGYPT

• Using mathematical knowledge and engineering skills, Egyptians built magnificent monuments to honor dead rulers.
• The Nile river flows northward through Africa for 4,100 miles. It is the longest river in the world
• it would flood and bring rich soil to Egypt
• Ii would flood in July because of melting snow from the mountains and rain.
• the flood water would recede in October, leaving soil behind
• There were risks involved in living in Egypt
• Less water in the Nile meant thousand of people would starve
• with to much water, the land would flood, destroying crops
• The desert around them restricted trade but kept away attackers
• river travel was common, but limited due to rapids called cataracts
• southern Egypt was called upper Egypt and northern Egypt was called lower Egypt.
• Egyptian villages dated back to 5000B.C.
• Individual settlements formed, which made lower and upper Egypt which then got united by a king named Narmer
• the king of lower Egypt wore a red crown and the king of upper Egypt wore a white crown
• Narmer created a red and white crown to represent a united kingdom.
• The capital of Egypt was Memphis, which was between upper and lower Egypt
• there were 31 Egyptian dynasties
• 2660-2180 is known as the Old Kingdom.
• They believed that pharaohs had live after death, or ka, so they built pyramids for them.

VOCABULARY

• delta- a marshy region formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of a river.
• Narmer- a king of the Old Kingdom who united upper and lower Egypt.
• pharaoh- a king of ancient Egypt, considered a god
• theocracy- government in which the ruler is viewed as a divine figure
• pyramid- a massive structure built for Old Kingdom pharaohs.
• mummification- a process of embalming and preserving a dead body.
• hieroglyphics- written script used by Egyptians
• papyrus- a tall reed  that grew in the Nile delta, used to make paper

Today in Western Civ. we did a worksheet on Hammurabi's code. It is very interesting to see how they answered criminals in Sumerian times, they would just kill them most of the time. I do not know how the punishment is determined because the law on the damaged boat, another boat would just be replaced by the person who damaged the boat as compensation. But if a barber sells a slave that is not on sale, the barber gets put to death. I cannot understand why one dies and the other compensates because they are similar situations of damaged/ stolen property. Maybe it is because sailors have a higher social rank than barbers? The social rank does limit the punishment so I am pretty sure that is why. The most surprising thing I learned today is that there is a statue of Hammurabi in the U.S. supreme court. Yes he did have influential laws but a lot of them involve death and suffering. There is also bias towards men and bias to higher social classes which is not like the U.S. supreme court and he seems to be a bad role model for the supreme court.

• Sumerians conquered the Akkadians -2350 B.C
• Akkadian gods took place of Sumerian gods
• Hammurabi of Babylon creates a series of laws known as Hammurabi's code- Laws based of "an eye for an eye" It has laws about marriages, and punishments for all sorts of crimes
• The expansion of Mediterranean civilization
• Indo-europeans were people from the grasslands of Russia who introduced the horse to the new east
• The warlike indo- europeans tribes know as the Hittites  settled in Asia minor
• The Hittites had trade and conquered nearly all of their neighbors, even threatening Egypt.

• The Fertile crescent is now Jordan, Syria, and Iraq.
• Sumer occupied the land between the Tigris and Euphrates
• Populations increased
• Cities and towns were founded, with some having as much as 40,000 people.
• Better food allowed for diversity in professions such as priests, tradesmen, politicians, and farmers
• kings and dynasties emerged and city states emerged
• collected taxes
• Sumerians ordered the earliest form of writing called cuneiform
• The Epic of Gilgamesh Is the oldest know epic and is about a great flood.
• They divided hours into 60 min and min into 60 sec.
• The ziggurat was a Sumerian temple built on top a mountain of earth.

       Hammurabi's code seemed to have laws that would make sense for punishment at the time. It was completely different when they were around and a lot of these laws would seem to make science. It also seems like the laws were in favor of the entire city state. They did not have any jails so most of the people who committed the crime were killed. It also seemed like that if you did not let executed, you would not be angry at what happened and revolt against the city state which was probably better for the rulers. It also seemed like the social class mattered too. for example, you would have to pay less if you stole something from a slave compared to a king or priest.