Notes
- The Republic Collapses
- Gap between rich and poor grows wider
- Slaves were forced to work on wealthy people's estates.
- Slaves became 1 third of the population by 100B.C
- Farmers could not compete with the rich estates, making them homeless and jobless
- The urban poor made up 1/4 of the population
- Tiberius and Gaius Craccus
- Tried to help the poor
- tried to limit the size of estates
- giving land to the poor
- Both died violently and a civil war followed
- Military Upheaval
- Generals began seizing power for themselves
- Soldiers that fault for pay replaced citizen soldiers
- Julius Caesar Takes Control
- Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey formed the first triumvirate in 60 B.C.
- As consul, he appointed himself as governor of Gaul
- Pompey became fearful of Caesar, and demanded his legions leave
- On January 10th, 49 B.C., he took his army across the Rubicon River and took control of Rome
- Caesar and his army destroyed Pompey's army
- He returned home and was appointed dictator for life
- Caesar's Reforms
- Reforms
- Granted citizenship to many people in the provinces
- expanded the senate
- helped the poor by creating jobs
- new public buildings
- increased pay for soldiers
- Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius led Caesar's assassination
- Beginning of the Empire
- After Caesar's death, a civil war broke out and destroyed the Republic
- Octavian, Lepidus, and Mark Antony became the second triumvirate
- Octavian forced Lepidus to retire
- Octavian and Mark Antony became rivals
- Mark Antony fell in love with Cleopatra and Octavian accused him of Ruling Rome from Egypt.
- Another Civil war broke out, and Antony and Cleopatra killed themselves
- Octavian accepted the title of Augustus, or exalted one.
- Also took the term imperator or supreme military commander
- A Vast and Powerful Empire
- Augustus achieved Pax Romana for 207 years
- His empire had 60-80 million people and 1 million people in Rome itself
- A Sound Government
- Augustus died in A.D. 14 and the empire was sustained afterwards
- Agriculture and trade
- 90% of the population was engaged in farming
- A silver coin called the denarius was in use throughout the empire.
- Trade was very important
- The Roman World
- Rome emphasized the values of discipline, strength, and loyalty, or gravitas
- Slaves and Captivity
- Slavery was important to the econemy
- Most slaves were conquered people
- Strong slaves became gladiators
- Gods and Goddesses
- The earliest Romans worshiped divine spirits called numina, Lares were closely related
- Lares were the guardians spirits of each family
- they honored these people through various rituals hoping to gain fame and fortune.
- Government and religion were linked
- Deities were symbols of the state
- Important Roman Gods and Goddesses were Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva
- Society and Culture
- Most people in Rome barely had the necessities of life.
- The government Rationed out grain
- The Government provided free games, mock battles, races, and gladiator contests
- 150 holidays is A.D 250
- Christianity rose in Pax Romana, hardships were faced.
Questions
- Civil war ended up removing the rest of the Roman republic
- Julius Caeser was a very important dictator in Rome and had many reforms that helped the poor.
- Triumvirates were a group of three rulers, and they usually overthrew each other.
- Augustus was a very important leader and is responsible for Pax Romana, or the Roman golden age.
- Pax Romana was one of the most important times in Romes history and the empire had a upward of 80,000 people.
- 3. Civil war, large gap between poor and rich people, small farmers had to give up their jobs.
- 4. It was able to hold it's government do to a able, organized government and good rulers.
- They made 150 Holidays and offered free games, mock battles, races, and gladiator contests in the Colosseum.
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