No Blog Today

No blog today. There is a German exam tomorrow and a English project due tomorrow. Also need to start studying for the Renaissance test.

This will be the worst part.

The Elizabethan Era and the Reformation

• The Elizabethan Era
• the renaissance spread to England in the mid 1500s, the Elizabethan Era
• Elizabeth reigned from 1558-1603
• Elizabeth spoke in French Italian Latin Greek
• Wrote poetry and Music
• Supported English art and Literature
• William Shakespeare
• the most famouse writer of the Elizabethan age
• born in 1564 in stratford-upon-Avon, 90 miles northwest of London
• Writing plays and poems in London by 1592
• wrote tragedies such as Macbeth, Hamlet, Othello, Romeo and Juliet
• Wrote comedies such as A Midsummer Night's Dream, Taming of the Shrew
• Gutenberg
• Around 1440, Johann Gutenberg, a craftsman from Mainz, Germany, developed a printing press.
• the bible was the first book printed
• Luther and the Reformation
• The church was weakened because
• Socially: the Renaissance emphasis on the secular and the individual challenged the church's authority
• The printing press helped spread these ideas
• Politically: Some rulers (especially the Germans) began to challenge the church’s political power
• economically: northern merchants resented paying church taxes to Rome
• What's wrong with the church?
• Corrupt leadership
• Renaissance-era popes spent extravagantly on personal pleasure
• Pope Alexander VI admitted that he fathered several children
• Many priests and monks were poorly educated
• Some priests broke there vows got married, and had children
• Some priests drank to access, many gambled
• Indulgences
• The selling of indulgences
• “Releases a sinner from performing the penalty a priest imposed for sins”
• Johann Tetzel was a monk who sold indulgences to help rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral
• A monk named Martin Luther objected to this practice 
• Martin Luther
• born in Germany 1483
• Studied in the Trivium (AP classes)-grammar, logic, and rhetoric
• Attends university of Erfurt (called it beerhouse and whorehouse)
• After getting his degree he enrolls in law school(Fathers wish)
• people die from the plague (they must have been sinful according to the church)
• Martin is on his way home and he almost gets struck by lightning
• He cries to St. Anne, and vows he will become a Monk
• Two weeks later, he drops out of school
• 1504- Joins Augustinian monastery (closed cloister)
• 1507- ordained a priest
• 1508- teaches theology at University of Wittenburg
• 1508- gets Bachelors degree; 1509- gets second degree
• 1512- becomes a doctor of theology
• Martin gets mad at the church
• Thought Tetzel was Deceiving
• He came up with 95 objectives, nailed them to the door of Wittenburg on Halloween
• the official title: "Disputation of Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences"
• Known as the 95 thesis
• The “95 Theses” document was copied and taken to a printer
• Within two weeks, it was all over Germany; within two months, all over Europe
• Example - Thesis 86: “Why does the pope, whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest Crassus, build the basilica of St. Peter with the money of poor believers rather than with his own money?”
• He also objected to Tetzler saying:
•  “As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory into heaven springs.”

Section 2 Textbook

• The Northern Renaissance
• By the late 1400s, renaissance spread to northern Europe especially England, France, Germany, and Flanders (France = Netherlands)
• The North
• The population of northern Europe began to grow again after years of war and plague
• After the 100 year war ended in 1453, cities grew rapidly
• MErchants became wealthy enough to sponsor artists
• England and France were united under a stronger monarch
• Francis I invited Leonardo da Vinci to retire in France
• Fontainbleah (Incorrect spelling) became a renaissance art showcase
• Artists were especially interested in realism
• in 1494, a french king claimed the throne of Naples and Artists fled to Northern europe
• German painters
• Albrocht Durer
• traveled to italy to study in 1496
• paintings portrayed religious subjects
• realistic landscapes
• Produced woodcuts and engravings.
• Hans Holben
• Specialized in painting portraits that are photographic in detail
• emigrated to England where he painted King Henry VII
• Flemish Painters
• Flanders became the artistic center for northern Europe
• Jan van Eyck
• First great Flemish painter
• used oil based paints
• painter still use his techniques
• layered paint to add a variety of subtle colored
• unusually realistic facial expressions
• Influenced later artists
• Peter Breugel the Elder
• When Flemish paintings reached its peak in 1550
• captured scenes of everyday peasant life
• realistic emotions
• Northern writers try to reform society
• Christian Humanism
• main goal was to reform society
• education was important
• educated women and founded the first boy and girl schools
• Desiderius Erasmus of Holland
• Wrote the Praise of Folly
• poked fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests
• Believed in Christianity of the Heart, not rules
• in order to improve society, people should study the bible
• Thomas More of England
• Wrote the book "Utopia"
• Utopia means "no place"
• a imaginary land where greed, corruption, and war are gone
• no use for money
• More wrote in Latin
• His works were translated in French, English, German, Spanish, and Italian
• Women's Reforms
• Majority of Europeans could not read or write
• Christine de Pizan
• The first women to earn a living as a writer
• wrote in French
• She wrote short stories, biographies, military techniques, and novels.
• Wrote the book "The city of Ladies"

Sect. 1 Textbook continued

*I am aware that most of the Italian names and words are most likely spelled wrong.

• Cosimo de Medici died in 1464 and his family continued to control Florence
• Lerenzo de Medici came to power in 1469
• Lorenzo the Magnificent
• Ways in which people were inspired by Rome and Greece
• The ruins of Rome surrounded their civilization
• Studied ancient Latin Manuscripts
• Christians fled to Rome with Greek Manuscripts
• Humanists studied classical texts to understand Greek Values
• Humanists popularized History, literature, and philosophy
• Church leaders, merchants, and wealthy families were patrons
• Baldassore Castiglone wrote the Courtier that taught how to become a renaissance man
• The Courtier taught that a young man should be
• charming
• witty
• well educated in the classics
• dance
• sing
• play music
• write poetry
• rider
• wrestler
• swordsman
• upper class women according to The Courtier
• know the classics
• charming
• inspired art
• Donnatello carved natural postures and expression aut of marble
• Leonardo da Vinci
• painter
• sculptor
• scientist
• incorporated his findings in art
• painted the Mona Lisa
• painted The Last Supper
• wrote mirrored
• 17 of his painting remained
• Rapheal Sanzio
• Famous for his use of Perspective
• filled the walls of pope Julius II's with paintings
• painted The School of Athens
• Painted artist such as Michelangelo, Leonardo, and himself
• Sodinisha Anguissola was the first woman artist and painted her sisters and king Phillip II of Spain
• Francisco Petrarch was the most influential Humanist
• He wrote 14 poems about Laura in Latin and Italian
• Giovanni Boccaccio wrote the Decmeradon
•  Realistic, off colored stories
• told by a group of young people as the plague swept through Florence
• Both tragic and Comic means of life

More Renaissance

• Isabella d'Este continued
• a fashionista, designed her own perfume
• patron of da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, Bellini, Correggio, and many others
• "Nativity," by Antonio da Corregio
• 1529-1530
• 101 by 74 in
• Uses Jesus as light source, he is the center of attention on the painting
• Humanism
• A deep interest in what people have already achieved, as well as what they are capable of achieving in the future
• Humanism resembles the Greek idea of arete
• secular values were concerned with here and now
• Classical Greek and Roman writings were important
• Christian values were still important but separate from secular values
• Renaissance Man & Woman
• Someone who could muster many fields of work
• Perfect Renaissance Man: Leonardo da Vinci
• Perfect Renaissance Woman- Isabella d'Este
• Art
• Sculptors
• made realistic figures called pieta
• The Pieta was carved in marble by Michelangelo from 1498-1499
• currently in St. Peters Basilica in Vatican City
• depicts Mary holding the dead body of Jesus
• Painters
• used perspective by adding shadow and depth to paintings
• Sometimes used Frescoes
• A technique of mural painting where pant is painted on freshly lane plaster
• The pigment merges with the plaster so the painting becomes part of the wall.
• Literature
• wrote in Vernacular- their native language
• Previously, most scholarly writing was Latin or Greece
• now, literature was to the masses
• Wrote to express thoughts and feelings
• examples
• Shakespeare wrote in English
• Dante Alighieri wrote about Hell in Italian. Wrote "The Divine Comedy"
• the theme of Machiavelli’s The Prince was that the aims of princes—such as glory and survival—can justify the use of immoral means to achieve those ends

Renaissance Continued

• After the plague people wanted to celebrate human life and spirit
• people started to question the church
• Italy's Advantages
• There was and explosion in art from 1300-1600, the renaissance
• They wanted to bring back the life and culture of classical Greek and Rome
• Innovative strides in art and literature
• Italy's 3 Advantages
• Thriving cities
• wealthy merchant class
• classical heritage from Greece and Rome
• City states were spurred by the crusades and oversea travel
• Northern Italy was Urban, the rest of Europe was Rural.
• People exchange Ideas in cities
• The bubonic plague struck in 1300, killing 60% of the population
• Merchants dominated politics, but could not inherit social Rank
• Since 1200, Florence has a Republican Government
• Florence came under the rule of wealthy Bankers called Medici
• Casino de Medici won control of the government in 1434
• He was dictator of Florence for 30 years

PowerPoint

• Northern Italy is the Birthplace of the Renaissance
• Renaissance= Rebirth
• cities were the center of the action
• Milan and Florence had wealthy merchants and Bankers
• Artists in these cities were inspired by the classical art of Greece and Rome
• Milan and Florence are important
• Merchants and Medici
• Merchants dominated political life
• the Medici were powerful banking families
• they paid artists, writers, and musicians
• they were patrons
• Isabella d'Este
• Educated, brilliant
• A gifted singer, lute player, innovative dancer
• Wealthy powerful parents
• she was a Patron, sponsoring painters, sculptors, musicians, writers, architects.

Starting Renaissance Chapter

Renaissance- a period between 1300-1600 when there was a revival of arts and learning.
Humanism- an intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements.
Secular- Worldly rather than spiritually concerned with the world here and now.
Patron- people that financially supported artists.
Perspective- a method that adds three dimensions to paintings.

After years of war and plague, the survivors wanted to celebrate life
They hoped to bring back the art and culture of classical Greece and Rome.

Test

          The test was pretty easy in my opinion. I was most likely the easiest test this year so far, there were no essays and there were no really obscure facts that no one would even think of studying. In fact, there were entire chunks left out, such as the two civil wars. The only one I am worried about is the one that was asking "Who said that bread and circuses keep the people happy?" I had no clue, but I still think I got it by eliminating Virgil because he was definitely the answer to another question, and I was left with the name I never heard before. It began with an "A." Since exams are close, I do not know if you will give us another chapter to learn. It could be on Constantine and he fall of Rome. I hope it is not because the three lessons we were not tested on were very confusing. They kept jumping back on the Roman timeline, going back to Nero and other events that were passed in the previous lessons. Another question is if you will be doing essays for this exam. Please don't. What could you possibly do them on? Maybe a research project on Rome or Greece. It will just be another stressful thing that is coming in the next weeks.

Test Tomorrow

I just finished studying for the test tomorrow and I am very confident. I am still going to read over the textbook pages but other than that I am done. The next few weeks are going to be a struggle. First thing is there is a writing assignment due this Friday that I have not been able to start, and it is on a topic with not much to work with. After that is done, I need to start working on the SIRS research project (I am doing mine on why we should switch to nuclear energy.) This is actually  going to be a fun research project, until I found out the due date is the day of the German exam, because they were moved to the 30th and 31st. A terrible thought just came into my mind, which will probably be true. You will most likely give us 2 essays for this exam like last time. If this is the case, I have no clue what I will do. 1 paper usually takes me 5 days to complete, and along with studying, this will be a pain. This is not school related, but I found out you can buy Giant Hyperion trees on Amazon, and they can grow here because they are on the same line of latitude. I hope it will grow. They are very slow growing, growing less than a foot per year, but they are beautiful trees and have great red wood. Also trees grown from seeds feel like a great accomplishment, for some reason.

Continuing the PowerPoint

• Roman Army
• 5000 soldiers not in it for pay
• mostly citizens
• elite heavy infantry
• grouped in 80 men called a century, similar to a Greek legion
• cavalry
• shield, dagger, sword, armor, and tunic
• The Punic Wars (264-146)
• Rome vs. Carthage
• three wars
• First Punic War
• naval battles for control of the strategically located island of Sicily
• Rome won
• Second Punic War
• a 29 year old Carthaginian leader
• attacks Rome from the NORTH after crossing Iberia (Spain) and the Alps
• lays siege to the Peninsula for 15 year, but failed to take Rome
• Third Punic War
• Scipio, Tiberius, and others mercilessly attacked the city
• burned for 17 days
• the living 50,000 people were sold into slavery
• the rest of his provinces were annexed and became Roman territory.
• Economic Turmoil
• there were over 1 million slaves in Italy
• Aristocrats stole land from the plebs
• the big farms became massive estates called latifundia 
• the government supplied bread and entertainment to keep the plebs from revolting
• Teberius Graccus took advantage of the plebs by paying them, but the plebs lost loyalty in Rome
• Julius Caesar (100-44)
• he made friends with Pompey, a military leader, and Graccus, the richest man in Rome
• These three men made the first Triumvirate
• Rubicon- the point of no return where Caesar took control
• Serves as Consul, then dictator for life after he defeated his Rival Pompey
• Caesar's Reforms
• Granted citizenship to people in provinces
• Added his friends to the senate
• Created jobs to the poor
• increased pay for the soldiers
• started colonies where people without land could stay

Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization Part 1

Terms and Names

• Greco-Roman Culture- the mixing of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman culture
• Pompeii- a city that was destroyed in 79 A.D. by Mt. Vesuvius
• Virgil- a poet who wrote some of the most famous works of Latin literature
• Tacitus- a Roman historian that wrote history with correct facts.
• Aqueducts- designed to bring waters into cities

Rome

• Rome conquered Greek in the second century B.C
• made Greco- Roman culture or classical civilization
• Roman fine arts
• Learned sculpture from Greeks, made realistic portraits in stone
• most sculptures were intended for public education
• During Augustus, bas- Relief was developed
• Bas- relief was a type of sculpture where images were carved out of a flaat stone
• Rome Artists were also good at mosaics
• pictures made by placing small stones or glass onto a surface
• Romans excelled in painting
• Pompeii had great examples of Roman art.

The Decline of the U.S.

     Although the U.S. seems like it is declining, mainly because of the debt and government corruption, it is still hundreds of years away from collapsing. This becomes apparent when looking at Rome and finding out where the U.S in in Romes Timeline. Looking at the contributing Factors to the fall of the Roman Western Empire, very little of the United State's problems line up with Rome's problems. The future is actually bright for the U.S., with less wars being fought around the world and the biggest threat, North Korea, is denuclearizing. This eliminates any foreseen Military issues in the U.S. There are some social problems in the U.S. that were similar to Rome's. Rome's people started to have low confidence in the empire and gained a lack of patriotism. This is apparent in the U.S. today, with the media only showing the bad things the government did or is going to do. Even U.S. politician's campaign for "fixing the country." However, this is a smaller social problem, and unlike Rome, the government would most likely not be overthrown. When it comes to economic problems, this is where people usually panic and believe the U.S. is declining and will fall soon; but in reality, it is not that bad and has been much worse and we have recovered relatively quickly. The great depression seemed to some people to be the end of the country, but it only lasted ten years and it recovered. Another argument is that the debt is unrecoverable and will bring the end of the country. with a current debt of 22 trillion dollars, that seems to be the case. However, a lot of economists believe that the debt is not as bad as it seems and it is controllable. As we learned from history, as long as money is not printed to fix this issue the economy will be fine. In conclusion, the U.S. is not in a decline, and looking at the problems Rome had proves it.

Finishing the Rise in Christianity Section

• Constantine fought three rivals in leadership of Rome
• He marched to the Tiber river to meet his chief rival
• Constantine prayed and won, credited the success to the christian God
• in 313 A.D, Constantine announced the end of Christian persecution
• in 380, Theodosius made it the Empire's official Religion.
• Priests led a small group of Christians
• Bishops supervised several local churches, Peter was the first bishop
• Pope- the father of the christian church. whoever was bishop of Rome is the leader of the whole church.
• disagreements about the christian ideas of belief arose
• The beliefs were compiled into the New Testament, especially the Gospels
• in 325, Constantine called all church leaders to Nicaea in Anatolia,where they wrote the Nicene Creed.
• Several early christian writers and Scholars
• Augustine taught that people needed the grace of God to be saved
• Wrote The City of God after Rome was plundered in the fifth century.

The Fall of the Roman Empire

Terms and Names

• inflation- a drop in the value of money, resulting in the rise of prices
• mercenary- foreign soldiers that fought for money
• Diocletian- a strong willed ruler who became the emperor of Rome in 284 A.D.
• Constantinople- The new capital of the Roman Empire
• Attila- the chieftain of the Huns

Notes

• 161-180 ended Pax Romana
• Rome weakens because...
• Pirates disrupted trade
• lacked sources of gold and silver
• Government raised taxes
• Minted coins that contained less and less silver
• inflation
• Harvest in Italy and western Europe became weak
• food shortages
• disease
• low morale
• no loyalty
• Diocletian
• a strong willed army leader
• became emperor
• limited personal freedoms
• doubled the size of the Roman army
• claimed to be descended from the gods
• divided the empire
• The Divided Empire
• Split into the Greek speaking East (Greece, Antolia, Spain, Egypt)
• Latin Speaking west (Italy, Gaul, Britain, Spain)
• Diocletian took the East
• co-ruler for the West
• Diocletian still had overall control
• East was far wealthier than the west
• civil war soon broke out
• 4 rivals were competing for power
• Constantine
• Gained control of the west in 312
• later took control of the east
• Moved the capital of Rome to Byzantium, Now Turkey
• Byzantium
• Center of power shifted to the East
• capital stood protected by walls
• took the name Constantinople
• The West Crumples
• Germanic invasions
• in 370 A.D, Mongol Nomads from Asia, the Huns, moved into the region and destroyed all in their path
• Germanic people pushed into Rome, barbarians
• Moved through Gaul, then Spain, and North Africa
• IN 410 a.d, Germanics overran Rome
• Attila the Hun
• The Huns became a direct threat
• United order under a chieftain named Attila
• With 100,000 soldiers, Attila terrorized both halves of the Empire
• Plundered 70 cities
• Failed to conquer Constantinople due to it's high walls
• After Attila's death in 453, the Germanic invasions continued
• An Empire no More
• The last roman Emperor was a 14 year old bot named Romulus Augustus
• He was ousted by the Germanic people in 476
• the West of Rome was gone
• The east became the Byzantine Empire
• Preserved Greek and Roman Culture for thousand of years
• empire reigned until 1453

Questions

1. (answered in vocab section)

3. The Hun and German invasions, the movement of the capital, inflation, poor harvests

4. He doubled the size of  the army and split the empire

5. They were being destroyed by the Huns so they started invading Rome.

Terms and Names

• Apostle - Jesus' twelve peoples
• Paul - an enemy of Christianity and later spread Christianity after he witnessed a vision of Jesus
• Diaspora - the dispersal of Jews
• Constantine - an emperor with support of Christianity who ended their persecution
• Bishop - as priest that supervised local churches
• Peter - the first bishop or rock of the church. He was later known as the first pope
• Pope - father of the Catholic church

Notes

• Rome took control of the Jewish kingdom in 86 AD and it became a province of the empire
• Jesus of Nazareth 
• born around 4-6 AD
• born in Bethlehem in Judea
• raised in Nazareth
• baptized by John the Baptist
• carpenter
• Public ministry
• Jesus began his public ministry at age 30
• his teachings were based around Judaism
• 10 commandments
• monotheism
• emphasized God's imminence
• ignored wealth and status
• Jesus' death
• worried Romans and Jewish leaders
• in 29 AD, people greeted him as King
• priests denied he was the Messiah
• Pilate arrested him and sentenced him to be crucified
• Christos - Greek word meaning "messiah" or "savior"
• Jesus' followers started creating a new religion called Christianity, derived from the word "Christ"
• Paul 
• hated Christianity
• saw a vision of Christ on his way to Damascus
• began spreading Christianity
• wrote influential letters called Epistles
• emphasized that Jesus died for our sins
• Christianity welcomes all converts
• Jewish rebellion
• in 66 AD, Jews revolted against Romans
• they failed and 500,000 of them died
• Romans stormed Jerusalem and destroyed the temple in 70 AD
• the Jews rebelled again and won 132 AD
• and another 500,000 were killed
• Christian persecution
• persecuted because they were not worshiping Roman gods
• seen as a threat to the government
• Christianity becomes a world religion
• millions converted to Christianity in the third century
• Christianity grew because
• it embraced all people
• gave hope to the powerless
• appealed to those who were repelled by the extravagance of imperial Rome
• offered a personal relationship with a loving God
• promised eternal life after death 

Rap and Textbook

     The textbook has a lot more information, of course, but the rap is really helpful in directing us what to study in the textbook. The rap is also more of a timeline, it discusses what happens, such as the republic falling, and the rise of Caesar. It will be very helpful when I am studying the order of events because songs are much easier to remember then random facts. The rap starts of as introducing the settlers of Rome. " Well, you got the Etruscans and the Greeks but the Latins came first To the shores of the River Tiber" The Latins were first to settle by the Tiber River and they gained influence by the nearby Greeks and Eutruscans. For example, The Eutruscans gave them architecture, most notably the arch, and Greek gave them their gods and religion. The rap then talks about Tarquin the Proud and the start of the Republic. "Now Tarquin’s kinda proud, But he got a little loud, They turned around and ran that tyrant outta town, Next thing you know, No kings no more," The textbook does not say much of Tarquin the Proud, other than he was the last king and is the reason behind the republic because Romans were scared of having another king. The rap then described the republic having "three governments in one." The roman republic is very similar to the U.S. republic, having a similar legislative, executive, and judicial branches with a legal code. The rap goes on like this, touching on very notable topics. It will be very helpful during studying.

Finishing up Yesterday's Work

     We don't have class today. I was not able to finish much work yesterday in class because their was no sub, and we got an off mod. I was still able to finish some work during the off mod, but I was no where near complete. Do not count this as tomorrow's blog, it is yesterday's. Please don't count this as late. 

Notes

• The Republic Collapses
• Gap between rich and poor grows wider
• Slaves were forced to work on wealthy people's estates.
• Slaves became 1 third of the population by 100B.C
• Farmers could not compete with the rich estates, making them homeless and jobless
• The urban poor made up 1/4 of the population
• Tiberius and Gaius Craccus
• Tried to help the poor
• tried to limit the size of estates
• giving land to the poor
• Both died violently and a civil war followed
• Military Upheaval
• Generals began seizing power for themselves
• Soldiers that fault for pay replaced citizen soldiers
• Julius Caesar Takes Control
• Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey formed the first triumvirate in 60 B.C.
• As consul, he appointed himself as governor of Gaul
• Pompey became fearful of Caesar, and demanded his legions leave
• On January 10th, 49 B.C., he took his army across the Rubicon River and took control of Rome
• Caesar and his army destroyed Pompey's army
• He returned home and was appointed dictator for life
• Caesar's Reforms
• Reforms
• Granted citizenship to many people in the provinces
• expanded the senate
• helped the poor by creating jobs
• new public buildings
• increased pay for soldiers
• Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius led Caesar's assassination
• Beginning of the Empire
• After Caesar's death, a civil war broke out and destroyed the Republic
• Octavian, Lepidus, and Mark Antony became the second triumvirate
• Octavian forced Lepidus to retire
• Octavian and Mark Antony became rivals
• Mark Antony fell in love with Cleopatra and Octavian accused him of Ruling Rome from Egypt.
• Another Civil war broke out, and Antony and Cleopatra killed themselves
• Octavian accepted the title of Augustus, or exalted one. 
• Also took the term imperator or supreme military commander
• A Vast and Powerful Empire
• Augustus achieved Pax Romana for 207 years
• His empire had 60-80 million people and 1 million people in Rome itself
• A Sound Government
• Augustus died in A.D. 14 and the empire was sustained afterwards
• Agriculture and trade
• 90% of the population was engaged in farming
• A silver coin called the denarius was in use throughout the empire.
• Trade was very important
• The Roman World
• Rome emphasized the values of discipline, strength, and loyalty, or gravitas
• 
  
• Slaves and Captivity
• Slavery was important to the econemy
• Most slaves were conquered people
• Strong slaves became gladiators
• Gods and Goddesses
• The earliest Romans worshiped divine spirits called numina, Lares were closely related
• Lares were the guardians spirits of each family
• they honored these people through various rituals hoping to gain fame and fortune.
• Government and religion were linked
• Deities were symbols of the state
• Important Roman Gods and Goddesses were Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva
• Society and Culture
• Most people in Rome barely had the necessities of life.
• The government Rationed out grain
• The Government provided free games, mock battles, races, and gladiator contests
• 150 holidays is A.D 250
• Christianity rose in Pax Romana, hardships were faced.

Questions

• Civil war ended up removing the rest of the Roman republic
• Julius Caeser was a very important dictator in Rome and had many reforms that helped the poor.
• Triumvirates were a group of three rulers, and they usually overthrew each other.
• Augustus was a very important leader and is responsible for Pax Romana, or the Roman golden age.
• Pax Romana was one of the most important times in Romes history and the empire had a upward of 80,000 people.
• 3. Civil war, large gap between poor and rich people, small farmers had to give up their jobs.
• 4. It was able to hold it's government do to a able, organized government and good rulers.
• They made 150 Holidays and offered free games, mock battles, races, and gladiator contests in the Colosseum.