Caesar and the Roman Empire

Notes

• Civil War- conflict between groups of people withing the same country
• Julius Caesar- a military leader who eventually became dictator of Rome and was murdered.
• Triumvirate- a group of three rulers
• Augustus- exalted one
• Pax Romana- Roman Peace

Notes and Questions (Continued Tomorrow)

• Romes wealthiness brought problems because the rich and poor gap 
• Generals seized power for themselves
• Julius Caesar, CRassus, and Pompey became the first Triumvirate
• Caesar became an absolute ruler
• Reforms
• Granted citizenship to many people in the provinces'
• expanded the senate
• helped the poor by creating jobs
• new public buildings
• Started colonies where people without land could live
• increased the pay for soldiers.
• Octavian Became Agustus
• Roman entered  Pax Romana for 207 years.
• Agriculture was important

Hannibal and the Punic War

Vocabulary

• Senate- the aristocratic branch of Rome's Government
• Dictator- a assigned leader who had absolute power over laws and army in th time of crisis. Held power for only six months
• legions- small military units
• Punic wars- a series of three wars between Rome and Carthage, resulting with the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the Mediterranean.
• Hannibal- the mastermind behind the war was a 29 year old Carthaginian General named Hannibal and wanted to avenge Carthage's defeat.
• Twelve tables- written laws for the plebeians

Notes

• Legions were made of 5000 infantry, a group of cavalry. Legions were split up in 80 men called a century. A key factor to Rome's greatness.
• first Punic war- control for Sicily (264-241). Carthage lost.
• Second Punic war- Hannibal was the mastermind behind this war, He assembled an army of 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 60 elephants.Led his army through Spain and through the Alps to Rome. Hannibal won the battle of Carthage but failed to capture Rome.
• Scipio Devised a plan to attack Carthage
• Third Punic war (Carthage was destroyed and all 50,000 citizens were sold into slavery.

Questions

1. Definitions
1. The Roman Republic was a fairer system of government and had a big contribution to their success.
2. Patricians were the minority of Rome and made most of the political decisions.
3. The plebeians were the majority in Rome and they could only vote until the Tribunes and the twelve tables.
4. Tribunes gave plebeians more authority and they protected the their rights.]
5. Consuls were the main leaders of Rome and they have the power to veto each other.
6. The senate organized foreign policy and Rome.
7. Dictators were short term rulers assigned in times of crisis.
8. Legions had a strategic advantage and gave Rome most military success.
9. The Punic Wars demonstrated Romes power and defeated an major threat so they can expand their land.
10. Hannibal was a fearless 29 year old leader who fought Rome in the second Punic War.

3. Their term was 1 year long, the same person could not be elected again for the nect ten years, one can always veto the other.

4. The twelve tables were the first steps to Roman law and it also established that all free citizens have a right to the protection of the law.

Hannibal's attack was daring because it was a treacherous journey and he lost half of his men, but it surprised Rome.

The Roman Republic

Main Ideas

• POWER AND AUTHORITY- Rome began as a Republic, a government in which elected officials represent the people. Eventually, absolute rulers called emperors seized power and expanded the empire.
• EMPIRE BUILDING- At it's height, the roman empire touched three continents, Europe, Asia, and Africa. For several centuries, Rome brought peace and prosperity to its empire before it collapsed.
• RELIGIOUS AND ETHICAL SYSTEM- Out of Rome rose a monotheistic or single god, known as Christianity. Based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, it soon spread throughout Rome and beyond.

Timeline

• 509 B.C.- Rome becomes a republic.
• 264 B.C.- First Punic war begins
• 218 B.C.- In the second Punic War, Hannibal invades Italy
• 31 B.C.- Octavian defeats the forces of Antony and Cleopatra.
• A.D. 284- Diocletian becomes emperor of Rome.
• A.D. 476- Western Roman Empire falls.

Terms & Names

• Republic- a form of government in which power is in the hands of representatives and leaders are elected by the citizens who have the right to vote.
• Patrician- a member of the wealthy, privileged upper class.
• Plebeian- one of the common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up most of the population.
• Tribune- an official elected by the plebeians to protect their rights.
• Consul- one of the two powerful officials elected each year to command the army and direct the government.
• Senate-  (cont. next class)
• Dictator-
• Legion-
• Punic Wars-
• Hannibal-

Edit: You are missing out on a shelter in place because a tornado touched down in Jarrettsville, supposedly.

Rome

• Etruscans
• Came form central part of the peninsula
• they were metalworkers, artists and architects
• Foundation Myths
• Virgil’s Aeneid, Aeneas escapes from Troy
• the story of Remus and Romulus
• Greeks in Rome
• They had many colonies around the Mediterranean sea
• Romans borrowed a lot from them such as:
• religious beliefs
• alphabet
• art
• military techniques and weaponry
• The Latins settled in Rome first
• Latins were:
• descendants of Indo-Europeans
• settled on the banks of the Tiber
• situated so trading ships could navigate as far as Rome
• a commercial port, but not susceptible to attack
• built on seven hills (Palatine is most important)
• Remus wanted to build on Aventine
• Romulus wanted to build on Palatine
• many streams flowed into the Tiber
• there was a marshy area called the Forum,  between Palatine and Capitoline Hills
• Tarquin the Proud’s grandfather built the Cloaca Maxima (largest ancient drain), which channeled water into the Tiber
• Lucius Tarquinias Superbus
• the seventh and final king of Rome
• known as Tarquin the Proud (sometimes referred to as Tarquin the Arrogant)
• he was a tyrant, in the old and modern sense of the word
• He made the people of Rome never want to have a king again
• New Government
• Two Consuls
• consuls are elected officials
• one year in office 
• always aristocrats (patricians)
• patricians traced their descent from a famous ancestor, or pater (“father”)
• duties: dealing justice, making law, commanding the army
• one consul could veto the other (reducing the power of the individual)
• Plebs
• fifth century BCE - patrician dominance of the government was challenged by the plebs (“people”)
• plebs were 98% of the population
• plebs had to serve in the army, but could not hold office
• plebs were threatened with debt slavery
• plebs had no legal rights
• Plebs refused to enter the military until set laws were written down.
• laws were written out (The Law of the Twelve Tables)
• these laws (on tablets) were posted in public (in 450 BCE)
• tribunes (“tribal leaders”) were elected  
• S.P.Q.R. - Senatus Populusque Romanum
• designates any decree or decision made by “the Roman Senate and People”
• res publica -the people’s affairs
• brand new republic
• democracy (the people’s assembly and the tribunes)
• aristocracy (the Senate - approx. 300 members)
• plus monarchy (the consuls)
• not a tyranny 
• The U.S. Government and the Roman government both have three branches and a legal code
• Roman Government
• executive
• two consuls
• one year terms
• each has veto power
• controls the military
• could appoint a dictator in a crisis for a six-month term
• Legislative
• Senate - 300 people - aristocrats - members for life
• Assemblies (either Centuriate or Tribal) 193 members (later 373) - members for life
• Judicial
• Praetors
• chosen by the Centuriate Assembly
• one-year terms
• U.S. Government
• executive
• President (plus VP)
• four year terms
• can veto proposed laws
• Commander-in-Chief of the military
• legislative
• Senate - 100 senators (two from each state) - six-year terms
• House of Representatives - 435 members (55 from Cali; MD has 8; AK, DE, MT, ND, SD, VT, WY have 1) - two-year terms
• judicial
• Supreme Court
• nine members
• lifetime terms
• appointed by the President, confirmed by the Senate

Next 2 Weeks

You will be out for the next two weeks. The classes will be a lot of busy work and I am not looking forwards to it. I am very interested about Rome so this unit will be very interesting. Although I thought Greece was interesting, I always was fascinated by the Roman Empire. I saw somewhere that if the Roman Empire was still around today, it would be the most powerful and wealthy country in the world. That's about it for this class, but here is an update on the duck. It is in the same exact spot so it is definitely on a nest. I researched it and if there are eggs, they will hatch in about 1-2 weeks. Again I have no clue how the ducklings will exit the courtyard. Maybe we could feed them bread or other food at lunch.

Duck

We took our test today and it was not to difficult in my opinion. Half of the stuff I was studying for was not even on it and another half of the test I did not study for. This is why I like directed notes. The only troublesome problem was the question that went something like "I Developed a method of critical thinking where you ask question and answer," Something like that.  I was deciding between Aristotle and Socrates because both of them made a scientific method, but I ended up going with Socrates. There has been nice weather mostly, so the past week I have been spending my free periods in the courtyard, that is where I am now. I saw something moving in a pile of leaves, and I looked at it and it was a duck sitting in the leaves. It looks like it is sitting on a nest because there are a lot of down feathers surrounding the leaves. I have been watching it since Wednesday and it has not moved from the spot. If it is sitting on a nest, how will the ducklings escape the courtyard. It is completely boxed in. Well, it is starting to rain. Hope the ducks make it.

Test

      The test is Friday. I do not think I am ready at all for it. This week has been super busy and I have had 0 time to study. I have test and a essay due tomorrow, and I have not started the essay yet because I was studying for the test. Thankfully I have a free period tomorrow so I can do it then. I still have to study for the Western civ test, which is going to be very difficult. In my opinion, the most time consuming thing about studying for tests is making a quizlet. Making the quizlet will be even longer for this test because of how broad the topic is. I really wish there were a directed notes for the test because it is very stressful not knowing what the test will be on. I pretty much wrote down every fact in the book which will take hours to make a quizlet.

Hellenistic Culture

Vocab

• Hellenistic- relating to the civilization, language, art, science, and literature of the Greek world from the reign of Alexander the Great to the late second century
• Alexandria- the foremost center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization
•  Euclid- a highly regarded mathematician who taught in Alexandria
• Archimedes- An important Hellenistic scientist who estimated the value of pi and explained the law of the lever
• Colossus of Rhodes- a 100 ft tall statue that is one of the seven wonders of the world. It was destroyed in a earthquake in 225

Notes

• After Alexander's conquest, Egyptians, Persian, and Indian influences became known as Hellenistic culture
• Koiner was the common language in Hellenistic cities, meaning common
• Ships from all over the world docked at Alexandria's harbor
• By third century B.C, Alexandria became the center of commerce
• Pharos
• 350 ft tall lighthouse
• a polished bronze mirror reflected light from a bright fire
• Alexandria's Museums and library attracted many people

Science and Technology

• Alexandrian Scientists provided most scientific knowledge until the 16th and 27th centuries
• Alexandria's museum contained an observatory
• Aristarchus of Samos
• Concluded the sun is at least 300 times larger than the earth
• Believed planets moved around the sun
• Ptolemy said planets and the sun revolved around the earth]
• Eratosthenes
• directed the Alexandrian library
• tried to calculate Earth's true size (28000-29000)
• Poet
• Historian
• Euclid
• Mathematician who taught in Alexandria
• His book,"Elements" contains 465 geometry prepositions and proofs
• Archimedes
• Estimated the value of pi
• Explained the law of a lever
• Archimedes screw drew water from the ground
• compound pulley
• Hellenistic scientists later built a pump, pneumatic machines, and a steam engine
• Zeno(335-263)
• Founded a school called Stoicism
• Stoics
• Proposed people should live a virtuous life life in harmony and God will run the universe with set laws.
• Human Desire, Wealth, Power, were dangerous distractions
• social unity
• focus followers on what they can control
• Epicurus
• formed a school of thought called the Epicureanism
• gods had no interest in humans
• The only real objects are the ones the 5 scenes see
• Greatest goods and highest pleasure from virtuous conduct and absence of pain

Alexander's Empire

Vocabulary

• Philip II- A ruthless politician and a brilliant general and was king of Macedonia at the age of 23.
• Macedonia- Located north of Greece, has a colder climate and a rough terrain. Has mountain villages.
• Alexander the great- king Philip's son who conquered most of Greece and Persia.
• Darius III- the Persian king at the time of Alexander the great

Notes

• Philip wanted to avenge the Persian invasion of Greece
• Greeks looked down at the Macedonians as uncivilized foreigners who had no great Philosophers, sculptors, or writers.
• Macedonians had shrewd and fearless kings
• King Philip
• Became a king 359 B.C 
• turned rugged peasants into well trained soldiers
• Organised a Phalanx with 16 by 16 men with 18 foot long pikes to break through enemy lines
• Cavalry would then attack
• Prepared to invade Greece
• Conquest of Greece
• Demosthenes tried to warn Greece to prepare for Philip, but Greece never found a policy
• in 338, Athens and Thebes joined against them
• Philip defeated Greeks at the battle of Chaeronea, ending Greek independence
• Greece is now under control of Macedonia
• Alexander the Great
• King Philip was stabbed at his daughters wedding at 336 by a former guard member
• Alexander immediately proclaimed himself as king
• 20 years old
• well educated by Aristotle
• Kept the Iliad under his pillow
• Destroyed the city of Thebes when they rebelled, scaring all of Greece to not fight back
• in 334 B.C, he led 35000 soldiers across the Hellespont into Anatolia
• 40,000 Persians tried to stop this
• they met at the Granicus River
• Smashed the Persian Defenses
• Darius raised an army of 75,000 to 50,000 men
• Alexander sent his finest men to charge at Darius, and he fled. Victory.
•  Alexander now controlled Anatolia
• Darius wanted Peace, but Alexander attacked
• He was welcomed into Egypt as a liberator, and was made Pharaoh.
• In Egypt, he built Alexandria at the mouth of the Nile
• the Persian king assembled 250000 men
• Alexander led a massive Phalanx  and Cavalry, and Darius fled
• Alexander ended the power of Persia
• He later occupied Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis
• Burnt Persepolis to the Ground
• Other Conquests
• Alexander kept moving east, to the edge of the continent
• in 326, He conquered India
• Agreed to turn back because his soldiers were losing Morale
• Alexander wanted to unify his empire and conquered Arabia, but died at age 32 because of a fever
• Power struggle over the conquered land by Macedonian Generals
• Antigonus became king of Macedonia
• Ptolemy- Egypt
• Seleucus- Persia, which became known as the Seleucid kingdom
• Ignored democracy, monarchy
• (questions 1,3,4,5 tomorrow)

Finishing the First Section

• Philosophers believed
• The universe is put together in an orderly way with unchanging law.
• People can understand these laws through logic and wisdom
• Philosopher means "lovers of Wisdom"
• Protagoras- a sophist who questioned the existence of Greek gods, and there was no universal standard to truth
• Socrates (470-399)
• a critic to sophists
• believed there was a standard to truth
• encouraged Greeks to question them selves and their moral Character
• "The unexamined life is not worth living"
• Socratic Method- asking questions and answering them
• 399 B.C., Socrates was brought to trial for "corrupting the Athenian youth" and "impiety"
• Died by poison Hemlock
• Plato (427-347)
• He was born into a wealthy family
• He was a wrestler and a poet before he became a Philosopher
• Student of Socrates, 20 years old when his teacher died
• After he died, he founded a school called the Academy
• Wrote down the conversations of Socrates "as means of philosophical investigation"
• Wrote The Republic, 
• A perfectly governed society
• 3 classes in the society
• Artisans and farmers
• Warriors
• Ruling Class
• The most intelligent philosopher would be king
• This book dominated Philosophy in Europe for 1500 years
• Aristotle (384-322)
• Son of a physician
• went to Plato's Academy
• Opened his own school, the Lyceum
• He questioned 
• Nature of the world
• human belief
• though
• knowledge
• Came up with a method for arguing based on the rules of logic
• He applied this message to psychology, physics, and biology
• taught Alexander the Great
• Vocabulary
• Direct Democracy- a form of government where citizens rule directly, and not through representatives
• Classical Art- the art of ancient Greece and Rome, in which harmony, order, and proportion are emphasized
• Tragedy- a serious drama about common themes, such as love, hate, war, or betrayal. Protagonists always had a fatal flaw, usually hubris
• Comedy- Containing scenes filled with slapstick situations and crude humor
• Peloponnesian War- a war lasting from 431 to 404 B.C. where Athens and its allies were defeated by Sparta and its allies
• Philosopher- a thinker who used logic and reason to investigate the nature of the universe, humans society, and morality
• Sophists- questioned people's unexamined life, and there is no definition of truth.

More on the Golden Age

• 3 famous tragedy playwrights
• Aeschylus
• wrote 80 plays, such as a trilogy- a 3 play sequence
• wrote the Orrestea
• Orestea
• Based on the family Agamemnon, the Mycenaean king of the Trojan War
• Sophocles
• Wrote more than 100 plays
• Oedepus the king (Oedipus Rex)
• Antigone
• Euripides
• Featured strong women in his works
• Medea
• Comedy writers
• Aristophanes wrote the first great comedies
• the Birds
• Lysistrata
• Lysistrata was about Athenian women begging the husbands to stop the Peloponnesian war. 
• Athenians could listen to criticisms of themselves, showing their freedom and openness.
• History
• Herodotus 
• wanted the accurate recording of historical events
• wrote the book "The Persian War"
• "The Persian War" may have been the first historical book written
• Thucydides
• The Greatest historian of the classical age
• Believed certain types of events and political situations recur over time.
• Peloponnesian War
• Tension between Athens and Sparta
• war was inevitable
• war was declared at 431 B.C.
• Athenian Army
• Strong navy
• Weak Army
• Spartan military
• Weak Navy
• Strong Army
• Spartans marched onto Athenian territory, burning the food supply
• A plague struck Athens, killing 1/3 of the population, including Pericles
• in 421, the two sides signed a truce
• the peace did not last long
• in 415, Athens sent 20000 soldiers to the island of Sicily
• Athenian military was completely destroyed in 413 B.C.
• They surrendered in 404 B.C.

Golden Age

• Golden age (477-431), growth of intellectual and artistic learning.
• Pericles led Athens through much of its golden age
• Pericles
• Popular support for 32 years
• skillful politician
• inspiring speaker
• respected military general
• 461-429B.C.- age of Pericles 
• Pericles's 3 goals

1. to strengthen democracy
2. to hold and strengthen the empire
3. to glorify Athens

• Pericles's reforms
• increased the number of officials who were paid salaries
• Direct Democracy
• Made the Athenian Navy the strongest in the Mediterranean
• took large sums of money from the Delian League to pay artists and architects and he bough gold and ivory to beautify Athens.
• Some polloponnesian city stated refused to join Delian League.
• The Parthenon- a 23000 sq. ft. temple built to honor Athens.
• Phidias crafted a 30 ft tall statue of Athena out of gold and Ivory
• The Greeks invented Drama
• Wealthy citizens had to create plays as part of their civic duties.
• 3 famous playwrights
• Aeschylus
• wrote 80 plays, such as a trilogy- a 3 play sequence
• wrote the Orrestea
• Orestea

Presentation Day

      Me and Anthony did our project today and I think we did very well. Everything went well, but the voting was not as good as I wanted it to be. It was very unorganized, and it seems like people did not understand what to do. I was hoping people would come up before voting to speak their opinion, but they all just came up and voted right away. Some people did speak, which was good. Anyway, I am glad it was a close vote. I was worried everyone would either be for or against it but it was 9 to 12, which is close enough for me. The other project presented today were good. Sean, Trent, and Kyle's project was very well done in my opinion. It was filled with a lot of information and had a well done video to accompany it. Anthony graded this one, but I would have given them a 98%. They would have gotten a higher grade then the other projects because there video was a bit more professional. It was still not serious at some parts, which is why it gets 2 points of, but it was surprisingly interesting and engaging. On the other hand, Ryan, Patrick, and Austin's project was not the best. It contained a lot of information, but the entire project was pretty much describing the video that they did not make. I feel like they would have gotten a much higher score if they got rid of the video they did not make, and included the video of them making the Greek fire and testing it. It would have been very interesting to see the Greek fire being made and tested. I gave them a 87%.